acdream/docs/plans/2026-07-27-vulkan-campaign.md

# Campaign V — OpenGL → Vulkan rendering migration

**Status:** Active. V0 (pinned RHI contract) landed 2026-07-27. V1 (GL backend
implementation, dark) landed 2026-07-27. V2 (shader dialect + texture-index
migration on GL, three sub-commits) landed 2026-07-27.
**Scope:** Windows x64 + Linux x64. No macOS.
**End state:** one Vulkan 1.3 backend; the OpenGL backend is deleted.

---

## 1. Why

acdream's mandatory modern GL path (GL 4.3 core + `ARB_bindless_texture` +
`ARB_shader_draw_parameters` + MDI + SSBOs, with no fallback) is built on an API
that is no longer evolving, and its hardware floor is narrow: bindless textures
are absent on Intel integrated GPUs and on every Mesa software / D3D12 stack.
That floor is exactly what parked Slice L at its L1 checkpoint — WSLg correctly
rejects our renderer because Mesa's D3D12 and llvmpipe drivers do not advertise
`GL_ARB_bindless_texture`.

Vulkan 1.3 makes the same rendering strategy portable: descriptor indexing (the
bindless replacement) is a core feature, not a vendor extension, and it works on
RADV, NVIDIA, Intel, and lavapipe. Two secondary wins follow: explicit present
control (a direct lead on issue #235's capped/RDP cadence alias) and lower CPU
cost per frame, because per-frame data can be written straight into mapped
memory instead of copied through `BufferSubData`.

**This is a compatibility and efficiency campaign, not a rescue.** The GL path
works and is fast. Nothing here changes what the game looks like.

---

## 2. Goal and acceptance

Replace the OpenGL renderer with a single Vulkan 1.3 backend, preserving retail
pixels exactly and improving cost.

| Dimension | GL baseline | Campaign target | Cutover floor |
|---|---|---|---|
| CPU frame p50 | 1.869 ms | ≤ 1.60 ms | ≤ 1.869 ms |
| GPU frame p50 | 1.096 ms | ≤ 1.00 ms | ≤ 1.096 ms |
| Working set | 652 MiB | ≤ 600 MiB | ≤ 652 MiB |
| Private set | 928 MiB | ≤ 860 MiB | ≤ 928 MiB |
| Managed alloc / frame | ~0 B | 0 B | 0 B |
| CPU/GPU p99 | measured at V8 | ≤ GL p99 | ≤ GL p99 |

Pixel acceptance: `dotnet AcDream.Cli.dll compare-screenshots expected.png
actual.png out.json` at channel tolerance 2 and maximum differing fraction
0.001, MSAA off, `ACDREAM_DAY_GROUP` pinned, at every deterministic checkpoint
of the connected lifecycle route.

**Out of scope (user decision, 2026-07-27):** the ImGui developer stack
(`AcDream.UI.ImGui`, `ImGuiBootstrapper`, the DevTools menu bar) is not ported,
and UI Studio (`StudioWindow`, `PanelFbo`) is parked. Both are deleted at V11
and remain recoverable from git. A follow-up issue tracks re-homing the
Settings and Debug panels onto the retained UI through a new `IPanelRenderer`
implementation — the panels themselves need no rewrite because they already
target only `AcDream.UI.Abstractions`. Until that lands, keybind remapping falls
back to editing `keybinds.json`.

---

## 3. Architecture: a Vulkan-shaped RHI, implemented by GL first

### 3.1 The decision

The renderers port **one at a time onto a minimal Vulkan-shaped RHI while GL is
still the shipping backend**. Each port slice is pixel-gated against its parent
commit on the *same* backend, so a divergence is attributed to one slice rather
than discovered at a big-bang integration. Only then does the Vulkan backend
implement the same interfaces, gated by a GL-versus-Vulkan differential.

The alternatives were rejected for concrete reasons:

- **Per-renderer duplication** (`WbDrawDispatcherVk` beside the GL one) would
  fork roughly 15,000 lines of CPU logic — bucketing, `RetailAlphaQueue`
  ordering, LRU eviction, arena management — that has nothing to do with the
  graphics API and everything to do with retail fidelity. `WbDrawDispatcher` is
  4,449 + 809 lines but holds only ~62 GL call sites, clustered in the per-frame
  uploads, the two multi-draw brackets, and teardown. The API surface is small;
  the fidelity logic is large. Forking the wrong one of those is how subtle
  regressions enter.
- **A serialized command IR** adds a third representation and a per-frame
  translation cost, against the efficiency goal, for generality nothing asked
  for. The RHI *is* the prepared-frame-data seam, expressed as typed calls.

GL 4.3 implements every Vulkan-shaped concept cheaply: pipelines become a
program bind plus a cached state apply; ring allocations sit on the existing
fence-bounded dynamic buffers; a descriptor-table index becomes an indirection
through a storage buffer of bindless handles; passes are a no-op bracket. **The
GL backend is deliberately behaviour-preserving and never improved** — it keeps
`BufferSubData` — which is precisely what makes each port slice's pixel gate a
strict identity check. The efficiency wins land in the Vulkan backend only.

### 3.2 Location and isolation

Namespaces inside `AcDream.App`, not a new project:

- `AcDream.App.Rendering.Gpu` — the contract (landed at V0)
- `AcDream.App.Rendering.Gpu.Gl` — GL backend (deleted at V11)
- `AcDream.App.Rendering.Gpu.Vk` — Vulkan backend

A separate project would force a public surface or `InternalsVisibleTo` churn
for twelve `internal` renderers, and its only benefit — compile-time proof that
renderers cannot reach GL — arrives anyway at V11 when the `Silk.NET.OpenGL`
package reference is dropped. Until then the guarantee comes from an
architecture test added at V4h that asserts no type outside `Gpu.Gl` and a small
allowlist references `Silk.NET.OpenGL`. Deletion at cutover is one directory and
one `PackageReference`.

### 3.3 The contract (pinned at V0)

`src/AcDream.App/Rendering/Gpu/`:

| Type | Responsibility |
|---|---|
| `IGpuDevice` | Resource creation, the global texture table, frame lifecycle, the deferred device-action queue (replaces `QueueGLAction`), backbuffer capture, retirement queue. |
| `IGpuFrame` | One frame: ring allocations, `BeginPass`, submit/present on `End`. |
| `IGpuPassEncoder` | Records one pass: bind pipeline/buffers, push constants, dynamic cull/front-face/depth-write, viewport/scissor, `Draw`, `DrawIndexed`, `MultiDrawIndexedIndirect`, timer scopes. |
| `GpuRingAllocation` | A `ref struct` slice of the frame's upload ring: buffer, aligned offset, CPU-writable span. Replaces every per-frame `BufferSubData`. |
| `IGpuBuffer` / `IGpuTexture` / `IGpuSampler` | Resources. Disposal routes through the retirement queue, never freeing under a live frame. |
| `IGpuPipeline` + `GpuPipelineDescription` | Shader pair plus all state Vulkan bakes: blend, depth, cull default, front face, alpha-to-coverage, topology, sample count. |
| `GpuPassDescription` | Attachments with load/store ops, clear values, sample count, resolve. |
| `IGpuRenderTarget` | Offscreen colour(+depth) whose colour is sampleable after the pass. |
| `IGpuTimerPool` | GPU timings from retired frames. |
| `GpuCapabilityRecord` | Backend-neutral capability view; computes `SupportFailures`, feeding the existing exit-code-4 contract. |
| `GpuTextureSlot` | Index into the global texture table — the backend-neutral replacement for a bindless handle. |
| `RecordingGpuDevice` (in the test project) | In-memory double: records calls in order and backs ring allocations with real memory, so renderer tests run with no GPU. |

**Design notes worth keeping in mind while implementing:**

- `GpuTextureSlot.Unassigned` is a loud sentinel (`uint.MaxValue`), never a
  usable slot, and must never reach a shader. Renderers needing a fallback take
  `IGpuDevice.DefaultTextureSlot`, a really registered 1×1 white texture. This
  is deliberate: silently resolving an unset index to slot 0 is the failure mode
  that produced the magenta 1×1 UI placeholder bug.
- `GpuRingAllocation` is a `ref struct` so the compiler forbids storing it past
  the frame that owns the memory.
- Renderers always speak GL conventions for winding and viewport origin. The
  Vulkan backend renders with a negative viewport height and inverts front-face
  in exactly one mapping function. No renderer performs that flip itself.

### 3.4 The binding model (`GpuBindingModel`)

Dual-legal for GL GLSL and Vulkan GLSL, exploiting `GL_KHR_vulkan_glsl`'s rule
that an omitted `set` qualifier means set 0.

- **set 0** — storage buffers, bindings 0–8 exactly as the shaders declare them
  today (instances, batches, clip regions, clip slots, global lights, instance
  light sets, instance indoor, instance alpha, selection lighting), plus
  **binding 9 = texture table**, which is the GL-only emulation (a buffer of
  `uvec2` bindless handles) and is deleted with the GL backend.
- **set 1** — uniform buffers. `SceneLighting` keeps `binding = 1`. Today
  `mesh_modern` relies on GL keeping SSBO and UBO binding tables separate so the
  `BatchBuffer` SSBO and the `SceneLighting` UBO can both be binding 1. Vulkan
  has one binding namespace per set, so moving UBOs to their own set preserves
  both numbers and removes the collision.
- **set 2** — the global sampled-texture descriptor array: variable count,
  partially bound, update-after-bind, capacity 16384.
- **Push constants** — one shared 96-byte `GpuPushConstants` block (of the 128
  Vulkan guarantees): `ViewProjection`, `DrawIdOffset`, `LightingMode`,
  `RenderPass`, `LightDebug`, `TextureIndexA/B`, two spare scalars. One shared
  block means one pipeline layout, so switching pipelines mid-pass does not
  invalidate bound descriptors. The GL backend maps each field to the
  correspondingly named uniform and skips those a program does not declare.

`BatchData`'s `uvec2 textureHandle` becomes `uint textureIndex` plus a pad word
at V2. The 16-byte std430 stride is unchanged, so every existing CPU writer
keeps its offsets. **That single change is what makes the CPU-side data model
backend-neutral, and it lands on GL, pixel-gated, long before Vulkan exists.**

---

## 4. Vulkan technical decisions

### 4.1 Floor

Vulkan 1.3 core plus `VK_KHR_swapchain` (and the platform surface extensions).
Optional and never required: `VK_EXT_memory_budget` (telemetry),
`VK_EXT_debug_utils` (object naming in dev builds), `VK_KHR_present_wait` (an
issue #235 experiment).

Required device features, each with a reason:

| Feature | Why |
|---|---|
| `multiDrawIndirect` | The three MDI dispatch sites are the entire draw architecture. |
| `drawIndirectFirstInstance` | Indirect commands carry a non-zero `firstInstance` as the per-group instance base. |
| `shaderDrawParameters` | `gl_DrawID`. Resets per `vkCmdDrawIndexedIndirect` exactly as GL's does, so the issue #52 `uDrawIDOffset` pattern carries over unchanged. |
| `shaderClipDistance` (≥ 8) | Phase U.3's per-cell screen-space clip gate. |
| `textureCompressionBC` | DXT1/3/5 DAT surfaces upload as BC1/2/3 with no transcode. |
| `samplerAnisotropy` | Sampler-quality parity. |
| `timelineSemaphore` | One monotonic serial replaces the GL fence array; the existing retirement ledger keeps its serial keys. |
| `hostQueryReset` | Reset timestamp pools from the CPU instead of burning command-buffer calls. |
| descriptor-indexing set (`runtimeDescriptorArray`, `descriptorBindingPartiallyBound`, `…SampledImageUpdateAfterBind`, `…UpdateUnusedWhilePending`, `…VariableDescriptorCount`) | The global texture table replacing bindless handles. |
| `dynamicRendering`, `synchronization2`, `maintenance4` | No render-pass/framebuffer objects; barrier2; relaxed shader interface rules. |

Explicitly **not** required: `bufferDeviceAddress` (every buffer is descriptor
bound; it would buy nothing and costs capture-tool compatibility), any
compute/geometry/tessellation feature (acdream has no such shaders),
`fillModeNonSolid` (debug lines use `LINE_LIST` topology).

Limits to assert in the probe: `maxPushConstantsSize ≥ 128`,
`timestampComputeAndGraphics`, `maxDescriptorSetUpdateAfterBindSampledImages ≥
16384`, `maxPerStageDescriptorUpdateAfterBindSampledImages ≥ 16384`.

### 4.2 Bindings layer

`Silk.NET.Vulkan` + `Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.KHR` at **2.23.0**, matching the
pinned Silk family. It is blittable-struct and function-pointer based, so with
`stackalloc`/`fixed` for the small arrays passed to submits and barriers it
allocates nothing per frame — which the 0 B/frame target requires.

**No VMA dependency.** Silk does not ship it, third-party .NET bindings are a
native-binary and maintenance liability across win-x64/linux-x64/CI-lavapipe,
and acdream's allocation profile is tame: two mesh arena buffers, one staging
ring, a handful of per-frame buffers, ~4 render targets, and a texture pool. A
custom allocator (~400 lines, first-fit free list over 128 MiB device-local
blocks per memory type, dedicated allocations at ≥ 32 MiB) keeps
`vkAllocateMemory` counts two orders of magnitude below the limit and plugs
straight into `GpuMemoryTracker` for exact accounting, which VMA would obscure.

### 4.3 Memory

- **Mesh arena** — two `DEVICE_LOCAL` buffers mirroring `GlobalMeshBuffer`
  exactly: 384 MiB vertex, 128 MiB index (`VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT16`; the existing
  cap is already expressed in `sizeof(ushort)`). Keep the reclaimable-range
  allocator, growth quanta, budgeted incremental grow-and-copy (now
  `vkCmdCopyBuffer`), retirement-ledger deletes, and the 896 MiB dual-generation
  ceiling.
- **Staging ring** — one persistently mapped `HOST_VISIBLE|COHERENT` buffer
  (48 MiB), watermarked per flight slot, recycled when the slot retires.
  Oversized uploads take a temporary dedicated buffer retired through the ledger.
- **Per-frame data** — the CPU win. Each MDI renderer gets, per flight slot, one
  persistently mapped buffer holding its instance/batch/clip/light/indoor/alpha/
  selection sections at fixed aligned offsets, plus indirect commands and the
  SceneLighting block. Prefer `DEVICE_LOCAL|HOST_VISIBLE` (ReBAR — present on
  the RX 9070 XT, RADV, and modern NVIDIA), fall back to `HOST_VISIBLE|COHERENT`.
  The bucketing code writes structs **directly into mapped memory**; today's
  write-to-array-then-`BufferSubData` (driver validation, copy, rename tracking)
  simply stops existing.
- **Textures** — device-local pool. Formats stay UNORM (`BC1/2/3_UNORM`,
  `R8G8B8A8_UNORM`, `R8_UNORM`), matching GL exactly. There is no sRGB anywhere
  in the pipeline — not on upload, not in the shaders, not at the framebuffer
  (V3 audit, §4.10). 2D arrays are allocated full-size and filled
  incrementally, mirroring `ManagedGLTextureArray`.
- **Mip generation** — DAT surfaces ship no mips. Uncompressed formats get a
  `vkCmdBlitImage` chain at upload. **BC formats cannot be blit targets**, so
  their chains are built on the CPU at decode time (box filter + a small managed
  BC encoder, deterministic and unit-testable) — which also replaces today's
  driver-defined behaviour for `glGenerateMipmap` on compressed arrays. Escape
  hatch if encoder quality ever trips the pixel gate: store the affected
  textures as RGBA8 and blit their mips.

### 4.4 Descriptors

Two persistent sets, one shared pipeline layout, **zero descriptor writes per
frame**.

- **Set 0** — one `COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER` binding, 16384 variable count,
  `PARTIALLY_BOUND | UPDATE_AFTER_BIND | UPDATE_UNUSED_WHILE_PENDING`, fragment
  stage. A slot is a (view, sampler) pair — exact parity with bindless handles,
  which are also per texture+sampler. Registration appends one descriptor write;
  eviction returns the slot to a free list gated on frame retirement, and the
  slot is defensively overwritten with a dummy before reuse. This removes the
  entire `MakeTextureHandleResident` churn.
- **Set 1** — per-renderer, per-flight-slot storage buffers at the nine
  `GpuBindingModel` bindings plus the SceneLighting UBO, all pointing into that
  renderer's mapped per-slot buffer at fixed offsets. Written once at startup;
  rewritten only when a buffer grows, gated on that slot's retirement. Bindings a
  given renderer does not use still bind a shared dummy range so there is one
  layout and no permutations.

### 4.5 Pipelines

Core 1.3 dynamic state covers viewport, scissor, cull mode, front face, depth
test/write/compare, stencil test/ops, and topology class — which folds the GL
pass matrix's cull/depth-mask/stencil toggles into command-time calls. Blend and
alpha-to-coverage are **not** dynamic, so they define the pipeline list:
mesh opaque / alpha / additive, terrain, sky, particle alpha / additive,
particle-mesh alpha / additive, debug line, UI text, plus offscreen variants
only where the target's format or sample count differs. **Expect 11–14
pipelines.**

All are known statically and **built at startup** against a `VkPipelineCache`
persisted to `ApplicationPathSet.CacheDirectory` (validated by header UUID).
First launch pays a few hundred milliseconds once; later launches are
milliseconds, and no frame ever compiles — which also removes GL's hidden
first-draw driver-recompile hitches.

Depth/stencil: prefer `D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT`, fall back `D24_UNORM_S8_UINT`. The
stencil aspect is required by #117's portal punch.

### 4.6 Shaders

The eight GLSL pairs stay the single source of truth. Vulkan-dialect changes:
`set`/`binding` qualifiers per §3.4; `texture(uTextures[nonuniformEXT(idx)], …)`
replacing the bindless `sampler2DArray(handle)` reconstruction; `gl_DrawIDARB` →
`gl_DrawID`; `gl_BaseInstanceARB + gl_InstanceID` → `gl_InstanceIndex` (Vulkan's
already includes `firstInstance`); the loose uniforms move into the push-constant
block. std430 SSBO layouts, the std140 SceneLighting block, and
`gl_ClipDistance[8]` port byte-identically.

`nonuniformEXT` is **required, not optional**: within one MDI dispatch different
draws read different `Batches[]` entries, and "dynamically uniform" is defined
over the whole dispatch on some implementations. The qualifier costs nothing
measurable on RDNA or NVIDIA and removes a class of silent corruption.

**Compilation: committed `.spv` artifacts** produced by
`tools/compile-shaders.ps1` (glslang/glslc), plus a test that hashes the GLSL
sources into a committed manifest and fails when they drift. CI runners have no
Vulkan SDK, and runtime shaderc would add a native dependency and startup cost
for shaders that never change at runtime.

### 4.7 Clip space — no projection change needed

**Verified:** acdream's cameras already build projections with
`Matrix4x4.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView`, which is D3D convention with NDC z in
[0, 1] — documented at `src/AcDream.App/Rendering/PortalProjection.cs:12-13`,
where the GL-convention near test was previously a real bug. Vulkan's clip
convention *is* [0, 1], so the matrices are consumed as-is. The GL path has been
compressing [0, 1] clip z into the upper half of the depth buffer, so Vulkan
doubles effective depth precision for free.

Consequence to expect at V7: **window-space depth values shift, so z-fight
patterns on near-coplanar retail geometry may differ.** This is the one
pre-approved divergence class; each instance gets a compare mask or a per-stop
relaxation plus a divergence-register row.

Y-flip is handled by a negative viewport height (core since 1.1), which keeps
winding and cull semantics identical to GL. Reversed-Z remains an easy future
option and is explicitly not required for parity.

### 4.8 Sync and the frame

Two frames in flight; one primary command buffer per frame from a per-slot
`vkResetCommandPool`; no secondary buffers (single render thread); one
graphics+present queue with transfers riding it (an async transfer queue is a
deferred option, not a need — uploads are already budget-throttled). Per-slot
binary acquire semaphores, per-image binary render-done semaphores, and **one
timeline semaphore whose value is the frame serial** — so `GpuFrameFlightController`
ports almost mechanically, its `SortedDictionary<long, List<Action>>` retirement
ledger keeping its keys.

Frame skeleton (synchronization2 throughout): wait timeline ≥ serial − 2 → run
retirements → reset pool → write per-frame data into mapped slot buffers →
acquire → record [uploads: copies, one batched image barrier to
`TRANSFER_DST`, copies/blits, one batched barrier to `SHADER_READ_ONLY` plus a
buffer barrier to vertex/indirect stages] → [offscreen passes] → [main pass:
MSAA colour `CLEAR/DONT_CARE` resolving to the swapchain, transient depth
`CLEAR/DONT_CARE`, sky → terrain → entities → envcells → particles → weather →
UI] → [optional screenshot copy] → barrier to `PRESENT_SRC` → submit → present.
Budget: roughly 4–6 batched `vkCmdPipelineBarrier2` calls per frame.

### 4.9 Swapchain, present, pacing

Surface through Silk windowing (`GraphicsAPI.DefaultVulkan`, `IWindow.VkSurface`)
so the existing GLFW platform selection, `ACDREAM_DISPLAY_PROTOCOL`, and window
lifecycle are unchanged. Format **`B8G8R8A8_UNORM`** — see §4.10, this was
corrected at V3 and is the single highest-severity finding of the audit.
Screenshots swizzle BGRA→RGBA on the CPU to preserve
`FrameScreenshotController`'s RGBA byte contract. Present modes: `FIFO` when
VSync is on; `IMMEDIATE` preferred then `MAILBOX` when off, with
`FramePacingController` and its platform waiters continuing to drive the software
cap. `OUT_OF_DATE` recreates immediately, `SUBOPTIMAL` at the next frame
boundary, both through `FramebufferResizeController`.

### 4.10 V3 audit findings (2026-07-27)

Slice V3 audited every projection producer, every depth-range assumption, the
clip-plane derivation, the sRGB path, and MSAA control. The central claim held —
**but one plan assumption was wrong, and catching it is why V3 exists.**

**Confirmed.** Every projection that reaches a shader is built by
`Matrix4x4.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView` (world, portal tunnel, paperdoll,
appraisal cameras; terrain, mesh, particles, debug lines and sky all consume the
same matrices). There are **no orthographic projections in production code at
all** — the retained UI's `ui_text.vert` converts pixel coordinates straight to
NDC with a constant `z = 0`, so V4a has no matrix to convert, only a Y-sign to
check. So: no projection rework, exactly as designed.

`SkyProjection.WithDepthRange` is the only hand-written matrix edit, assigning
`M33`/`M43` directly. It re-derives the *same* D3D-convention near/far mapping
(it even throws on an orthographic input) rather than a GL-style `2/(f-n)`
scale — correct, but the sharpest edge in the codebase and a required
cross-check at V6.

Phase U.3's clip planes are derived and consumed entirely in clip space with
`plane.z` always 0, so they are insensitive to both the depth convention and the
viewport Y flip. No change needed.

**Corrected — sRGB.** The plan previously specified a `B8G8R8A8_SRGB` swapchain
"matching the GL `FramebufferSrgb` contract." That contract does not exist.
`EnableCap.FramebufferSrgb` is enabled only inside the throwaway 2×2 capability
probe (`GraphicalGlFunctionProbe.cs:419-429`) and disabled immediately; it is
never enabled on the real backbuffer. No texture is uploaded in an sRGB internal
format (`TextureFormatExtensions` has none), and no shader performs any gamma
conversion. The renderer is plain UNORM end to end. **The correct Vulkan
swapchain format is `B8G8R8A8_UNORM`**; shipping `_SRGB` would have applied an
unwanted encode to already-display-space values — a global brightening across
every frame, and precisely the failure mode §6 lists as "cannot pass silently."
It would have passed silently right up to V7.

Separately: the capability gate *requires* sRGB-framebuffer support that the
renderer never uses. Harmless today, but the Vulkan gate must not carry the
stale requirement forward.

**MSAA.** `ACDREAM_MSAA_SAMPLES` overrides the quality preset
(`QualityPreset.cs:43-59`) and `0` forces MSAA off, but it is read at window
creation and cannot change mid-session. The V7 differential script must therefore
*launch* both backends with `ACDREAM_MSAA_SAMPLES=0` rather than toggling a
setting.

**Two concrete acceptance items carried to V6/V7.**

1. **Scissor Y convention.** `NdcScissorRect.ToPixels` emits GL bottom-left-origin
   pixel rectangles. Vulkan's `vkCmdSetScissor` is always top-left-origin — the
   negative viewport height does *not* flip the scissor. The contract already says
   callers keep GL convention and the backend converts
   (`IGpuPassEncoder.SetScissor`), so the Vulkan encoder must do that flip. A
   scissored aperture — a doorway — is the right differential-gate target.
2. **`FrustumCuller` near plane** extracts `col4 + col3`, the GL `[-1,1]` Gribb-
   Hartmann formula, against `[0,1]`-convention matrices; the correct extraction
   is `col3` alone. Proven over-inclusive rather than over-culling, so it is not a
   visibility bug, and it is pure CPU math untouched by the backend swap. Filed as
   a tracked issue rather than fixed here — it is not Campaign V's scope.

### 4.11 Capability gate

Mirrors the GL three-layer shape exactly — passive record, **active** probes, an
`Evaluate` that throws `NotSupportedException` → `Program.cs` exit code 4 → an
atomic `graphical-capabilities.json`. The Vulkan active probe is stronger than
the GL one: it creates the real device with the production feature chain, builds
the real descriptor layouts and one real pipeline from the committed `.spv`, and
renders a 64×64 offscreen triangle sampling a table slot, then reads the pixels
back. Device selection: discrete > integrated > virtual > CPU, tie-broken by
largest device-local heap, with an `ACDREAM_VULKAN_DEVICE` override recorded in
the report.

---

## 5. Slice sequence

Every slice ends with `dotnet build` and the App test suite green, its gate
passed, and one commit. GL remains the default backend through V9; all Vulkan
work is dark behind `ACDREAM_RENDER_BACKEND` (default `gl`).

**Run the suite in Release: `dotnet test … -c Release`.** Some tests assert
Release-only behaviour and legitimately fail in Debug —
`LandblockBuildOriginTests.FarLoad_StripsEnvCellsAndPhysicsEvenWhenEntityListIsAlreadyEmpty`
covers the far-tier strip that `LandblockStreamer.cs:505` deliberately turns into
a loud `Debug.Assert` in Debug builds. A Debug run therefore shows one failure
that is neither a regression nor yours. The V0 baseline is **3,785 passed /
3 skipped** in Release (3,763 pre-campaign plus 22 contract tests).

### 5.1 The offline pixel gate

"Pixel gate" means `tools/run-offline-pixel-gate.ps1`: capture at the parent
commit, capture at slice HEAD, compare with the `compare-screenshots` CLI at
tolerance 2 / fraction 0.001.

The client is launched **without `ACDREAM_LIVE`**, so it renders the world
straight from the DATs. No session is created and no ACE state can be disturbed,
which means this gate runs unattended — it needs neither the live server nor the
user. That matters: seven slices (V2, V4a–V4g) are renderer ports whose whole
acceptance criterion is "no pixel changed."

```
tools/run-offline-pixel-gate.ps1 -Out artifacts/gate-base            # at the parent commit
tools/run-offline-pixel-gate.ps1 -Out artifacts/gate-head -Baseline artifacts/gate-base
```

**Determinism was measured, not assumed.** Two captures at the same commit
initially differed in 0.29% of pixels — far above the 0.001 threshold. The
differences were confined to the top ~180 rows: the sky animates (clouds scroll,
the sun moves) and the Dereth clock advances with wall time, so two launches can
never agree there. Everything below the horizon was stable. With the top 280 rows
masked, two independent same-commit pairs differ by **15 and 17 pixels out of
563,200 compared** — a fraction of 0.000027, roughly a 33× margin under the
threshold. The gate is a strict identity check on everything it covers, rather
than a loose tolerance that would hide real regressions.

**Coverage.** Terrain and terrain blending, scenery, static world meshes, water,
fog, and the entire retained UI (vitals, spell bar, toolbar, chat, radar).

**Not covered — these still need a user visual gate:** sky (masked), EnvCell
interiors, particles, and the paperdoll/appraisal viewports, because the offline
scene is a fixed outdoor view with no camera control.

**Accumulated user-gate debt.** Each of these landed with its automated gate green
but part of its surface unproven. They should be checked together, in one connected
session, rather than one at a time:

| Slice | What the offline gate could not prove |
|---|---|
| V2c | Particle texture-index migration — no particles in the captured scene |
| V4c | **`EnvCellRenderer` — zero EnvCell activity in the capture.** Dungeon interiors are half of that slice and are entirely unproven. Also the paperdoll/appraisal/portal-tunnel views, which is precisely what §5.4's `BeginPass` change protects |
| V4e | Particles (again) |
| V4f | Sky — deliberately masked for determinism |
| V4g | Paperdoll and appraisal viewports, portal transit |

The connected route to run: a dungeon interior, a portal transit, the paperdoll and
an item-appraisal window, a spell cast with visible particle effects, and a dawn or
dusk sky.

MSAA is left at the quality preset for GL-versus-GL self-differentials, where it
is deterministic. The V7 GL-versus-Vulkan differential must force MSAA off,
because sample positions are not specified across implementations.

| Slice | Scope | Gate |
|---|---|---|
| **V0** ✅ | Pinned RHI contract, `RecordingGpuDevice`, contract tests, this document, roadmap entry. | build + tests + contract tests |
| **V1** ✅ | GL backend: `GlGpuDevice` (no Chorizite inheritance), buffers (`BufferSubData`, behaviour-preserving), ring over the existing fence-bounded pattern, textures + the binding-9 handle table, samplers, pipelines, timers, backbuffer capture. Constructed in composition (`HostInputCameraCompositionPhase`, right after the frame-flight controller); no consumers yet. | build + tests + GL unit tests + pixel gate (trivially identical — a tripwire) |
| **V2** ✅ | Shader dialect + texture-index migration **on GL**: `uvec2 textureHandle` → `uint textureIndex`, a binding-9 handle table, `common.glsl` preamble, CPU batch-struct change. Sub-commits: V2a mesh (`d365476e`), V2b terrain (`1f1f6c08`), V2c particles (`a85743f7`). Each renderer (WbDrawDispatcher, EnvCellRenderer, TerrainModernRenderer, ParticleRenderer) owns its own `GlBindlessHandleTable` rather than one shared `TextureCache`-owned instance — see the note below, which the per-slice commit messages elaborate on. | pixel gate per sub-commit (V2a 2.84e-05, V2b 2.49e-05 differing-pixel fraction against parent, both well under the 0.001 threshold and within the documented ~33x same-commit noise margin). V2c has no automated pixel coverage (particles are outside the offline gate's fixed view) — flagged for a user visual check. |
| **V3** | Clip-space and sRGB audit: verify every projection producer is [0,1] convention, confirm clip-plane derivation, record the sRGB swapchain decision and the depth-precision divergence class here. | pixel gate + connected lifecycle |
| **V4a** | `TextRenderer` (three fence-buffered VBO sets → ring allocations), `BitmapFont`, `DebugLineRenderer`, the UI RenderSurface upload path, `UiViewport`'s texture handoff. | pixel gate (UI-heavy checkpoints) |
| **V4b** | `GlobalMeshBuffer` + `ObjectMeshManager` onto `IGpuBuffer`; arena, LRU and ledger logic untouched. | pixel gate |
| **V4c** | **The large one.** `WbDrawDispatcher` + `EnvCellRenderer`: per-frame uploads → rings, MDI brackets → pipelines + `MultiDrawIndexedIndirect`, loose uniforms → push constants, timer scopes. `RetailAlphaQueue` and all bucketing untouched. **Narrowed after the V4c scouting report — see §5.3.** | pixel gate at several checkpoints + connected lifecycle |
| **V4t** | **World texture stack** (added 2026-07-27, see §5.3): `TextureCache`, `CompositeTextureArrayCache`, `ManagedGLTextureArray`, `TerrainAtlas` and `ObjectMeshManager`'s material path onto `IGpuTexture`/`IGpuSampler`; retype `GroupKey`, `CachedBatch` and `ObjectRenderBatch` from `ulong` bindless handle to `GpuTextureSlot`; retire the interim per-renderer handle tables for V4c, V4d and V4e at once. | pixel gate |
| **V4d** | `TerrainModernRenderer` only — **`TerrainAtlas` belongs to V4t** with the rest of the texture stack. Two sub-commits: first the `uView`/`uProjection` → `uViewProjection` shader convergence on its own pixel gate (it moves a matrix product from per-vertex GPU to a CPU multiply, so its rounding effect must be attributable alone), then the plumbing. Terrain has no GPU timer to port — its diagnostics use a CPU `Stopwatch`. | pixel gate per sub-commit |
| **V4e** | `ParticleRenderer` (after V4c — shared alpha-queue contract). | pixel gate (particle-heavy checkpoint) |
| **V4f** | `SkyRenderer` + weather. | pixel gate (dawn/dusk, day group pinned) |
| **V4g** | `PrivateEntityViewportRenderer` → `IGpuRenderTarget`; `PortalDepthMaskRenderer` + `PortalTunnelPresentation` → stencil/depth-mask pipelines. | pixel gate incl. paperdoll and portal transit |
| **V4h** | Frame-spine formalization: pass executors emit real declared `BeginPass`/`EndPass` (clears and framebuffer management move out of the spine and into pass load/store ops), flight/screenshot/resize/profiler move onto the RHI, `OpenGLGraphicsDevice`'s live role retires, Chorizite consumers are audited, and the architecture test lands. **Milestone: seam complete.** | pixel + connected lifecycle + R6 soak + complete Release suite + interim perf (RHI-on-GL CPU p50 ≤ 1.95 ms) |
| **V5** | Vulkan bring-up, dark: `ACDREAM_RENDER_BACKEND`, surface/instance/device/queues/swapchain, the capability record/probe/guard with the exit-4 contract, a clear-colour loop with screenshot and clean shutdown. | VK boots to clear on the RX 9070 XT; forced-unsupported knob → exit 4 |
| **V6** | Vulkan RHI backend, dark, three sequential commits: **a** allocator/buffers/staging/rings/timeline; **b** textures/BC mips/samplers/descriptor table/render targets/MSAA resolve; **c** `.spv` toolchain, pipelines, pipeline cache, negative viewport, push constants, timestamps, readback, debug names. **Milestone: full game frame on Vulkan.** | per-commit build + tests; VK renders world, UI, paperdoll, portals |
| **V7** | GL-versus-Vulkan differential: `tools/run-backend-differential-gate.ps1`, strict paired-PNG compare, divergences fixed in the Vulkan backend only, then lifecycle + R6 soak natively on Vulkan, one validation-layer-clean run, one RenderDoc capture. **Milestone: parity.** | every differential checkpoint passes; both connected routes green on VK |
| **V8** | Perf gate on the RX 9070 XT, uncapped, both backends, same route. | §2 acceptance table; parity is the floor |
| **V9** | Linux + CI: X11/Wayland surfaces; a `linux-vulkan` job on lavapipe (probe accepts on a real 1.3 software device, a short real render under xvfb, forced-unsupported → exit 4, `.spv` freshness). Physical Linux GPU row deferred post-cutover, as for Slice L. | CI green including the new job |
| **V10** | Cutover: Vulkan default, GL reachable by env var for one slice, gate scripts default to VK. | complete Release suite + retail expected PNGs **on VK** (baselines not regenerated) + both connected routes + **user visual sign-off** |
| **V11** | GL deletion and closeout: delete `Gpu/Gl`, `OpenGLGraphicsDevice`, `ManagedGL*`, `GLSLShader`, `GLHelpers`, `GLStateScope`, `RenderStateCache`, `BindlessSupport`, `GraphicalGlFunctionProbe`, the GL branch in `GameWindow`, the ImGui project and Studio; drop the GL and (if the audit is clean) Chorizite packages; file the retained-UI dev-panels follow-up; swap CI assertions to VK; update the divergence register, architecture doc, code-structure doc, and rendering memory crib; re-measure memory. | complete Release suite + both connected routes + working-set re-measure |

### 5.2 Why V2's handle table is not the device's table

The obvious reading of V2 — "have the texture caches call
`IGpuDevice.RegisterTexture`" — does not work at V2, and the reason is worth
recording so nobody re-derives it later.

`GlGpuDevice` flushes its dirty texture table immediately before each draw it
records. At V2 the draws still go through raw GL inside `WbDrawDispatcher`, which
the device knows nothing about, so the device would never flush — the table would
be stale on the GPU. Making it work would need a manual `FlushTextureTable()`
escape hatch plus a way to bind the device's buffer from raw GL code, which leaks
the backend straight back through the seam we are building.

So V2 keeps the indirection entirely inside the existing GL world: the texture
caches own a small handle-table storage buffer at binding 9 and flush it on their
existing schedule. **V4c then deletes that interim table** when `WbDrawDispatcher`
moves onto the encoder and the device's table — with its retirement-gated slot
recycling — becomes reachable. Two small, separately pixel-gated changes beat one
entangled one; separating the data-model change from the RHI plumbing change is
precisely what de-risks V4c, the largest slice in the campaign.

### 5.3 Why V4c was narrowed, and where V4t came from

A scouting pass over V4c (2026-07-27) stopped before writing code and reported two
structural blockers. Both were verified against source; both were real.

**The contract was missing a blend mode.** `WbDrawDispatcher.ApplyRetailBlend`
(`WbDrawDispatcher.cs:3191`) selects one of *three* blend functions from each DAT
surface's `TranslucencyKind`: `AlphaBlend` → `(SrcAlpha, OneMinusSrcAlpha)`,
`Additive` → `(SrcAlpha, One)`, and **`InvAlpha` → `(OneMinusSrcAlpha, SrcAlpha)`**.
The V0 contract shipped `GpuBlendMode` with only the first two. Blend is baked into
the pipeline and is not dynamic, so this could not be worked around at the encoder;
mapping `InvAlpha` onto `StraightAlpha` would have silently changed how every
inverse-alpha surface composites. `ParticleRenderer` hits the same wall twice, so
V4e was blocked on it too. Fixed by adding `GpuBlendMode.InverseAlpha` to the
contract with a test asserting all three retail kinds are representable. This is
the correct outcome of a pinned contract meeting reality: the contract grew, in one
reviewed commit, rather than a slice inventing a workaround.

**Retiring the interim handle table is its own slice.** §5.2 assumed V4c could
switch to the device's texture table. It cannot: the renderers do not own the
bindless handles, they only intern them. A raw `ulong` is produced by
`TextureCache`, `CompositeTextureArrayCache`, `ManagedGLTextureArray` and
`TerrainAtlas`, baked into `ObjectRenderBatch`, and carried by **`GroupKey`** — the
bucketing key V4c is explicitly forbidden to change — and by `CachedBatch`, where it
is compared for cache validity. Switching to `GpuTextureSlot` therefore means
porting the whole texture stack and retyping three data-model records, which is most
of V4d and V4e plus work no slice contained. That is now **V4t**, with its own pixel
gate. Until it lands, V4c/V4d/V4e bind their existing interim tables through the
encoder as ordinary storage buffers at binding 9 — no new escape hatch.

**Also deferred to V4h:** `ClipFrame`'s region buffer (binding 2) is read by terrain
as well, and the `SceneLighting` UBO (binding 1) by terrain and the four viewport and
portal renderers. GL binding points are global, so the safe move while those consumers
are still raw GL is to leave both bound as they are and convert them with the spine.

### 5.4 The null-target `BeginPass` divergence (V4c) — must be undone at V6

V4c had to stop GL's `BeginPass` from binding framebuffer 0 when a pass declares
`Target: null`. The reason is sound: `PrivateEntityViewportRenderer` and
`PortalTunnelPresentation` bind their own offscreen FBO and *then* call
`WbDrawDispatcher.Draw`, so forcing framebuffer 0 would have redirected the
paperdoll, appraisal and portal-tunnel views to the backbuffer. The offline gate
would never have caught it — none of those surfaces appear in its scene.

**But this makes GL's `BeginPass` diverge from the contract it implements.**
`GpuColorAttachment` documents `Target: null` as "the backbuffer," and the Vulkan
backend *must* honour that literally: a null target is the acquired swapchain
image (or the multisampled scratch that resolves into it), and there is no
ambient "currently bound framebuffer" for it to inherit instead.

So this is a **GL-only transitional behaviour, correct today and wrong at V6.**
Two obligations follow:

1. **V4g** ports those renderers onto `IGpuRenderTarget`, at which point they
   declare their target explicitly and the inheritance is no longer needed.
2. **V4h** restores GL `BeginPass` to binding the declared target, once the spine
   owns framebuffer management and every consumer names its own. The Vulkan
   backend is written against the contract, never against this divergence.

If V4h lands without removing it, the GL and Vulkan backends will disagree about
what a null target means, and the V7 differential will surface it as an entire
viewport rendering to the wrong surface.

**Sequencing invariants.** The app ships on GL until V10. V0→V1→V2→V3→V4a…V4h
are strictly sequential. The only permitted parallelism is V5 alongside V4d
and/or V4f (fully disjoint files), and optionally V9's `.github`/`tools`-only
work alongside V8. While V4c runs, nothing else touches `Rendering/Wb`.

---

## 6. Risk register

| Risk | Mitigation |
|---|---|
| Y-flip and winding | Negative viewport height; the front-face inversion lives in one backend mapping function; the differential catches any residue. |
| Depth-precision shift (z-fight patterns) | The only pre-approved divergence class; each instance gets a mask or per-stop relaxation plus a divergence-register row. |
| sRGB mismatch (global gamma shift) | Decided at V3 from the actual GL state; a mismatch fails every pixel at V7, so it cannot pass silently. |
| MSAA sample positions differ across backends | Strict gates run MSAA off; MSAA on gets a relaxed (0.01) visual smoke; a register row lands at V11. |
| ~15,000 lines of renderer churn destabilizing retail fidelity | CPU logic never forks; each port is self-differential on the still-shipping backend; V0 pins the contract so subagents never negotiate APIs; the architecture test prevents seam erosion. |
| Driver matrix — only one physical GPU (RX 9070 XT) | Conservative universal feature floor; lavapipe in CI as a second real implementation; one validation-layer-clean run at V7; the physical Linux row is deferred exactly as Slice L deferred it. |
| Swapchain lifecycle (resize, minimize, RDP) | Owned explicitly at V5 and exercised by the connected lifecycle gate. |
| App tests breaking as renderers change signatures | `RecordingGpuDevice` ships at V0; each slice updates its renderers' test constructions in the same commit. |
| Hidden Chorizite consumers | V1 builds the device root without Chorizite inheritance; V4h audits the remainder; the package drops at V11 only if that audit is clean. |
| `.spv` staleness | Single GLSL source, committed `.spv`, regeneration script, and a CI hash-freshness check. |

---

## 7. Execution rules for slice subagents

- Sonnet implementers by default. V0, V4c, V4h, and V6 are load-bearing — their
  diffs are reviewed in the parent session before commit.
- **One agent per slice, always.** Coupled sub-slices (V2a–c, V6a–c) are
  sequential commits by the same agent. Never fan out across files two slices
  share.
- Every subagent prompt carries: this document's section numbers for the pinned
  contract, the slice's file list, the gate definition, "build and tests green,
  one commit," and the divergence-register same-commit rule.
- No slice regenerates expected retail baselines. They are immutable for the
  duration of the campaign.
- Connected gates need the live ACE server and the user's machine. The visual
  sign-off at V10 is a required user stop; there are no others besides gate
  failures.

### 7.1 Rules learned from the V4a revert (2026-07-27)

The first V4a attempt (`ceec3bc4`) was reverted at `9aaf97e7`. Three rules come
out of it, binding on every remaining slice.

**1. During the transition, an RHI pass must not leak GL capability state.**
Every world renderer is still raw GL until V4c/V4d, so they inherit whatever
capability state the previous pass left enabled. V4a deleted
`TextRenderGlStateScope` — which saved `GL_MULTISAMPLE` and
`GL_SAMPLE_ALPHA_TO_COVERAGE`, disabled them for the text pass, and **restored
them on exit** — and baked that state into a pipeline instead, with nothing
restoring it. The world then drew without multisampling from the first UI frame
on, changing the silhouette edge of every object in the scene.

So: **`GlGpuPassEncoder.Dispose` saves and restores the capability state its
pipelines change**, for as long as raw-GL renderers coexist. This is not a
workaround; it is what keeps the GL backend's stated behaviour-preserving
property true at a seam where two worlds meet. It is deleted at V4h once nothing
raw-GL remains. For the same reason, the GL render-state cache must be reset at
**`BeginPass`**, not merely per frame — a raw-GL renderer running between two
RHI passes in the same frame desynchronises it just as effectively.

This is the third time the project has hit this exact class: see the memory notes
on self-contained render state and on issue #52, where an earlier migration lost
cull state the same way. Audit per-pass GL state before declaring a port done.

**2. A failing gate blocks the commit.** The pixel gate failed at 0.318% against
a 0.001 threshold and the slice committed anyway, attributing the difference to
ambient animation. The control refuted it: same-commit captures differ by 8–19
pixels at both commits, versus 1,791 across the change. If a gate fails, either
find the root cause or stop and report — never rationalise past it, and never
relax the threshold.

**3. Stay inside the slice's file list.** The brief was ~10 files; the commit
touched 334, including 323 public-to-internal conversions and 55 test files, and
retired two conformance tests. Out-of-scope churn makes a diff unreviewable and
forces revert of good work along with bad. Do not change type visibility, do not
delete or weaken tests, and do not refactor adjacent code. If the slice genuinely
cannot land without one of those, stop and report instead.

**Outstanding hardening from the V4a audits.** Three independent audits of the
reverted attempt found defects that outlive it and are tracked as `#249`:

1. `GlGpuDevice.ReleaseTextureSlot` frees the table index but never calls
   `BindlessSupport.MakeNonResident`. Deleting a texture whose handle is still
   resident is undefined under `GL_ARB_bindless_texture`, and every released slot
   leaks a resident handle for the process lifetime. This is V1 code, present on
   the current tree.
2. No test covers the `Multisample` render-state dimension. Mistyping the
   comparison in `GlRenderStateCache` would leave the whole suite green — the
   very regression that reverted V4a.
3. There is no `.editorconfig` `charset` rule and no `.gitattributes` text rule.
   The first attempt silently re-encoded 259 files and corrupted non-ASCII text in
   116 of them, and **no gate noticed**.

**Pre-approved transitional seam.** The retained UI draws the paperdoll and
appraisal viewport textures, which are produced by renderers that stay raw GL
until V4g. The GL backend may therefore expose a documented way to register an
externally-owned GL texture as a table slot, used only by that path, removed at
V4g. Approved here so a slice does not have to invent it mid-implementation —
which is what turned it into an undocumented escape hatch the first time.