diff --git a/src/porchlight/oidc/endpoints.py b/src/porchlight/oidc/endpoints.py
index 12af079..2390802 100644
--- a/src/porchlight/oidc/endpoints.py
+++ b/src/porchlight/oidc/endpoints.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import html
 import json
+import logging
 from types import SimpleNamespace
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 
@@ -13,6 +14,8 @@ from idpyoidc.time_util import utc_time_sans_frac
 
 from porchlight.oidc.claims import PorchlightUserInfo, user_to_claims
 
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
 router = APIRouter(tags=["oidc"])
 
 
@@ -200,7 +203,7 @@ async def _complete_authorization(  # noqa: PLR0913
 
 
 @router.post("/token")
-async def token_endpoint(request: Request) -> JSONResponse:
+async def token_endpoint(request: Request) -> JSONResponse:  # noqa: PLR0911
     """OIDC Token endpoint."""
     oidc_server = request.app.state.oidc_server
     endpoint = oidc_server.get_endpoint("token")
@@ -223,14 +226,31 @@ async def token_endpoint(request: Request) -> JSONResponse:
     elif hasattr(parsed, "to_dict") and "error" in parsed:
         return JSONResponse(parsed.to_dict(), status_code=400)
 
-    result = endpoint.process_request(parsed)
+    # process_request / do_response can raise on malformed-but-parseable
+    # requests (e.g. a refresh_token grant missing client_id). Treat those as a
+    # bad request rather than letting them surface as a 500.
+    try:
+        result = endpoint.process_request(parsed)
+    except Exception:
+        logger.exception("Token endpoint failed to process request")
+        return JSONResponse(
+            {"error": "invalid_request", "error_description": "The request could not be processed"},
+            status_code=400,
+        )
 
     if hasattr(result, "to_dict") and "error" in result:
         return JSONResponse(result.to_dict(), status_code=400)
     elif isinstance(result, dict) and "error" in result:
         return JSONResponse(result, status_code=400)
 
-    resp_info = endpoint.do_response(response_args=result.get("response_args"), request=parsed)
+    try:
+        resp_info = endpoint.do_response(response_args=result.get("response_args"), request=parsed)
+    except Exception:
+        logger.exception("Token endpoint failed to build response")
+        return JSONResponse(
+            {"error": "invalid_request", "error_description": "The request could not be processed"},
+            status_code=400,
+        )
 
     response_data = resp_info["response"]
     if isinstance(response_data, str):
diff --git a/tests/test_oidc/test_token.py b/tests/test_oidc/test_token.py
index e15a4b6..485e2e3 100644
--- a/tests/test_oidc/test_token.py
+++ b/tests/test_oidc/test_token.py
@@ -126,6 +126,25 @@ async def test_token_endpoint_exchanges_code(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
     assert data["token_type"].lower() == "bearer"
 
 
+async def test_refresh_grant_failure_returns_400_not_500(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+    """A refresh_token request that idpyoidc cannot process (here: unknown token,
+    no client_id in body) must surface as a 400, not a server 500."""
+    _register_test_client(client)
+    client_secret = "test-secret-0123456789abcdef"
+
+    auth_header = b64encode(f"test-rp:{client_secret}".encode()).decode()
+    token_res = await client.post(
+        "/token",
+        data={"grant_type": "refresh_token", "refresh_token": "bogus-token"},
+        headers={
+            "Authorization": f"Basic {auth_header}",
+            "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+        },
+    )
+    assert token_res.status_code == 400, f"Expected 400, got {token_res.status_code}: {token_res.text}"
+    assert "error" in token_res.json()
+
+
 async def test_token_endpoint_invalid_code_returns_error(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
     _register_test_client(client)
     client_secret = "test-secret-0123456789abcdef"