"""identify_holders_by_module.py <pid>
For all 260KB private RW regions, scan ALL readable memory in the process for
pointers, then group hits by owning module (DLL/exe).
Reveals which DLL maintains a cache pointing at these chunks."""

import ctypes, ctypes.wintypes as wt, sys, struct
from collections import defaultdict

k = ctypes.windll.kernel32
psapi = ctypes.windll.psapi

k.OpenProcess.argtypes = [wt.DWORD, wt.BOOL, wt.DWORD]; k.OpenProcess.restype = wt.HANDLE
k.ReadProcessMemory.argtypes = [wt.HANDLE, wt.LPCVOID, wt.LPVOID, ctypes.c_size_t, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_size_t)]
k.ReadProcessMemory.restype = wt.BOOL
k.VirtualQueryEx.argtypes = [wt.HANDLE, wt.LPCVOID, ctypes.c_void_p, ctypes.c_size_t]
k.VirtualQueryEx.restype = ctypes.c_size_t

class MBI(ctypes.Structure):
    _fields_ = [("BaseAddress", ctypes.c_void_p), ("AllocationBase", ctypes.c_void_p),
                ("AllocationProtect", wt.DWORD), ("RegionSize", ctypes.c_size_t),
                ("State", wt.DWORD), ("Protect", wt.DWORD), ("Type", wt.DWORD)]

class MODULEINFO(ctypes.Structure):
    _fields_ = [("lpBaseOfDll", ctypes.c_void_p), ("SizeOfImage", wt.DWORD),
                ("EntryPoint", ctypes.c_void_p)]

psapi.EnumProcessModulesEx.argtypes = [wt.HANDLE, ctypes.POINTER(wt.HMODULE), wt.DWORD, ctypes.POINTER(wt.DWORD), wt.DWORD]
psapi.GetModuleFileNameExA.argtypes = [wt.HANDLE, wt.HMODULE, ctypes.c_char_p, wt.DWORD]
psapi.GetModuleInformation.argtypes = [wt.HANDLE, wt.HMODULE, ctypes.POINTER(MODULEINFO), wt.DWORD]

def rd(h, va, n):
    buf = (ctypes.c_ubyte * n)(); sz = ctypes.c_size_t(0)
    if not k.ReadProcessMemory(h, va, buf, n, ctypes.byref(sz)): return None
    return bytes(buf[:sz.value])

pid = int(sys.argv[1])
h = k.OpenProcess(0x410, False, pid)
if not h: print("OpenProcess fail"); sys.exit(2)

# Enumerate modules
modules = []  # list of (base, end, name)
needed = wt.DWORD(0)
hmods = (wt.HMODULE * 1024)()
if psapi.EnumProcessModulesEx(h, hmods, ctypes.sizeof(hmods), ctypes.byref(needed), 0x03):
    n = needed.value // ctypes.sizeof(wt.HMODULE)
    name = ctypes.create_string_buffer(260)
    info = MODULEINFO()
    for i in range(n):
        psapi.GetModuleFileNameExA(h, hmods[i], name, 260)
        nm = name.value.decode(errors='replace')
        nm_short = nm.split('\\')[-1].split('/')[-1].lower()
        if psapi.GetModuleInformation(h, hmods[i], ctypes.byref(info), ctypes.sizeof(info)):
            modules.append((info.lpBaseOfDll, info.lpBaseOfDll + info.SizeOfImage, nm_short))
modules.sort()
print(f"Found {len(modules)} modules")

def find_module(va):
    # Linear scan — module count small
    for base, end, name in modules:
        if base <= va < end:
            return name
    return "<not-in-image>"

# Find all 260KB regions
candidates = []
mbi = MBI(); addr = 0
while k.VirtualQueryEx(h, addr, ctypes.byref(mbi), ctypes.sizeof(mbi)):
    base = mbi.BaseAddress or 0
    if mbi.State == 0x1000 and mbi.RegionSize == 266240 and (mbi.Type & 0x20000):
        if (mbi.Protect & 0xFF) in (0x04, 0x40):
            candidates.append(base)
    next_addr = base + mbi.RegionSize
    if next_addr <= addr: break
    addr = next_addr
    if addr >= 0x80000000: break

print(f"Found {len(candidates)} candidate 260KB regions")
target_set = set(candidates)

# Walk ALL readable committed memory and find pointers to candidates,
# group by owning module
holders_by_module = defaultdict(int)
holders_by_module_unique = defaultdict(set)  # which orphan target each module hits
scanned_total = 0
mbi = MBI(); addr = 0
while k.VirtualQueryEx(h, addr, ctypes.byref(mbi), ctypes.sizeof(mbi)):
    base = mbi.BaseAddress or 0
    sz = mbi.RegionSize
    if mbi.State == 0x1000 and (mbi.Protect & 0xFF) in (0x02, 0x04, 0x20, 0x40):  # any readable
        # Skip huge regions to keep this fast
        if sz <= 64 * 1024 * 1024:
            data = rd(h, base, sz)
            if data:
                scanned_total += sz
                # Walk dwords
                for off in range(0, len(data) - 3, 4):
                    v = int.from_bytes(data[off:off+4], 'little')
                    if v in target_set:
                        holder_va = base + off
                        mod = find_module(holder_va)
                        holders_by_module[mod] += 1
                        holders_by_module_unique[mod].add(v)
    next_addr = base + sz
    if next_addr <= addr: break
    addr = next_addr
    if addr >= 0x80000000: break

print(f"\nScanned {scanned_total/1024/1024:.0f} MB total")
print(f"\nHolders by module (top 20):")
sorted_mods = sorted(holders_by_module.items(), key=lambda x: -x[1])
for mod, hits in sorted_mods[:20]:
    unique = len(holders_by_module_unique[mod])
    print(f"  {mod:30s}  hits={hits:6d}  unique_targets={unique}")

print(f"\nTotal hits: {sum(holders_by_module.values())}")
print(f"Total unique targets: {len(set().union(*holders_by_module_unique.values()))} of {len(candidates)}")

k.CloseHandle(h)