acdream/src/AcDream.App/Rendering/PortalVisibilityBuilder.cs

// PortalVisibilityBuilder.cs
//
// Phase A8.F: recursive portal-clip visibility (the builder). Port of retail
// PView::ConstructView (decomp:433750) -> ClipPortals (433572) -> AddViewToPortals
// (433446). Walks the portal graph from the camera cell, accumulating a per-cell
// screen-space CellView; exit portals union their clipped region into OutsideView.
// GL-free; unit-tested without a GPU context.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Numerics;

namespace AcDream.App.Rendering;

/// <summary>Per-frame output of the portal-frame BFS.</summary>
public sealed class PortalVisibilityFrame
{
    /// <summary>Screen region (NDC) where outdoor terrain/scenery may draw — exit portals
    /// recursively clipped to their portal chain. The cellar-flap fix.</summary>
    public CellView OutsideView { get; } = new();

    /// <summary>Per-cell accumulated clip region, keyed by full cell id (wire-in #2).</summary>
    public Dictionary<uint, CellView> CellViews { get; } = new();

    /// <summary>Visible interior cells in the exact order they were first dequeued from the
    /// distance-priority work list — closest-first (Phase U.2a). Mirrors retail's
    /// PView::cell_draw_list, appended in PView::ConstructView (decomp:433783) as each cell pops
    /// off the nearest-vertex-sorted cell_todo_list (InsCellTodoList 433183). Deduplicated: a cell
    /// appears exactly once, on its first dequeue. The camera cell is always first.</summary>
    public List<uint> OrderedVisibleCells { get; } = new();

    /// <summary>Entry clip regions for other buildings reached through our portals, keyed by the
    /// neighbour cell id that left the camera building's cell set (wire-in #3 / Step 5).</summary>
    public Dictionary<uint, CellView> CrossBuildingViews { get; } = new();
}

public static class PortalVisibilityBuilder
{
    // Side-classification epsilon. Retail's is F_EPSILON = 0.000199999995
    // (const @0x007c8c70; PView::InitCell Ghidra 0x005a4b70). T2 (BR-4)
    // attempted the retail value and the CornerFloodReplay gate REFUTED it:
    // retail's tight epsilon works because retail's viewer cell transits the
    // INSTANT the eye crosses a portal plane (the sweep's curr_cell), so the
    // side test never sees a stale root more than F_EPSILON past a plane. Our
    // root can lag the eye by up to ~1 cm at pressed corners (the harness's
    // fixed-root sweep models this), and 0.01 is that documented root-lag
    // tolerance — NOT a retail constant. Tighten to F_EPSILON only together
    // with eye-exact viewer-cell tracking verification (the #108-membership
    // family) + the cdstW near-clip pin.
    private const float PortalSideEpsilon = 0.01f;

    // Retail F_EPSILON proper — used where the semantic is knife-edge
    // REJECTION (ConstructView(CBldPortal) Sidedness IN_PLANE → return 0,
    // Ghidra 0x005a59a0), which must NOT inherit the root-lag tolerance above
    // (a 1 cm-wide in-plane band would reject look-in seeds whenever the eye
    // stands near a doorway plane).
    private const float SeedInPlaneEpsilon = 0.0002f;

    // TEMP diagnostic (Phase A8.F visual-gate triage; strip after): ACDREAM_A8_DUMP_PV=1 dumps the
    // local→NDC→clipped portal geometry for the first 2 Build calls per distinct camera cell.
    private static readonly bool s_pvDump =
        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("ACDREAM_A8_DUMP_PV") == "1";
    private static readonly Dictionary<uint, int> s_pvDumpCount = new();

    /// <summary>
    /// #120 observable: total convergence-tripwire firings across both the
    /// interior <see cref="Build"/> and the exterior look-in propagation.
    /// The tripwire firing means the in-place growth's fixpoint invariant
    /// broke (T2/BR-4) — tests reset this and assert it stays 0.
    /// </summary>
    public static int ConvergenceTripwireCount;

    /// <summary>
    /// #120 self-attribution dump: the growth-recursion path that exceeded
    /// the tripwire, as a per-cell frequency summary plus the chain tail —
    /// the cycle's structure (e.g. 0174↔0175 ping-pong vs a 3-cycle lap)
    /// reads directly off the output.
    /// </summary>
    private static void DumpPropagationChain(uint[] chain, int depth, uint rootCellId, Vector3 eye)
    {
        int n = Math.Min(depth, chain.Length);
        var freq = new Dictionary<uint, int>();
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
            freq.TryGetValue(chain[i], out int c);
            freq[chain[i]] = c + 1;
        }
        var summary = new System.Text.StringBuilder(256);
        foreach (var kvp in freq)
            summary.Append(System.FormattableString.Invariant($" 0x{kvp.Key:X8}x{kvp.Value}"));

        var tail = new System.Text.StringBuilder(256);
        for (int i = Math.Max(0, n - 24); i < n; i++)
            tail.Append(System.FormattableString.Invariant($" 0x{chain[i] & 0xFFFFu:X4}"));

        Console.WriteLine(System.FormattableString.Invariant(
            $"[pv-ERROR]   chain root=0x{rootCellId:X8} eye=({eye.X:F3},{eye.Y:F3},{eye.Z:F3}) cells:{summary}"));
        Console.WriteLine($"[pv-ERROR]   chain tail(24):{tail}");
    }

    /// <param name="lookup">Resolve a full cell id to its LoadedCell, or null if not loaded.</param>
    /// <param name="buildingMembership">Optional: true if a cell id is in the camera building's cell
    /// set. When provided, a neighbour OUTSIDE the set routes to CrossBuildingViews instead of
    /// continuing the in-building BFS. Pass null to treat all reachable cells as in-building.</param>
    public static PortalVisibilityFrame Build(
        LoadedCell cameraCell,
        Vector3 cameraPos,
        Func<uint, LoadedCell?> lookup,
        Matrix4x4 viewProj,
        Func<uint, bool>? buildingMembership = null)
    {
        var frame = new PortalVisibilityFrame();
        if (cameraCell == null) return frame;

        // Interior portals never cross landblocks (same invariant as CellVisibility.GetVisibleCells);
        // building-boundary crossings are handled separately via the buildingMembership escape hatch.
        uint lbMask = cameraCell.CellId & 0xFFFF0000u;

        frame.CellViews[cameraCell.CellId] = CellView.FullScreen();

        // Render unification (outdoor-as-cell, 2026-06-07): when the root IS the synthetic outdoor
        // node, the landscape is visible FULL-SCREEN, so seed OutsideView with the full-screen NDC
        // quad. ClipFrameAssembler turns that into a full-screen OutsideView slice, so DrawInside's
        // DrawLandscapeThroughOutsideView draws terrain/sky/scenery/weather as the node's "shell" —
        // the very same callback that already draws the doorway slice when an INTERIOR root reaches
        // outdoors. Keyed on the explicit IsOutdoorNode flag (set by OutdoorCellNode.Build), NOT a
        // cell-id heuristic: production EnvCell ids are >= 0x100 but test fixtures use low interior
        // ids, so an id test would misfire. An interior root never sets this flag, so the indoor
        // exit-portal path (OtherCellId==0xFFFF below) still owns the doorway OutsideView region.
        if (cameraCell.IsOutdoorNode)
            frame.OutsideView.Add(new ViewPolygon((Vector2[])FullScreenQuad.Clone()));

        // Distance-priority work list (retail PView::cell_todo_list). Cells pop closest-first;
        // each cell carries the camera→nearest-portal-vertex distance that put it on the list
        // (retail keys on InitCell's per-portal min-vertex distance, decomp 432988-433004). The
        // camera cell seeds at distance 0 (retail InsCellTodoList(this, arg2, 0f) at 433758) so it
        // always pops first.
        var todo = new CellTodoList();
        todo.Insert(cameraCell, 0f);

        // Fixpoint termination replacing the old MaxReprocessPerCell hard cap. This mirrors the
        // retail portal_view slice offset 0x44 (last-incorporated view-poly watermark) vs 0x38
        // (current view_count) decision in AddViewToPortals (433446): a cell is INSERTED into the
        // todo list exactly once — on first discovery (retail's ecx_5==0 branch calls
        // InsCellTodoList; the ecx_5!=eax_2 growth branch calls AddToCell IN PLACE and never
        // re-enqueues). Later growth into an already-discovered cell is unioned into its CellView but
        // does NOT re-enqueue it — the `cell_view_done` guarantee (ConstructView sets it at 433784
        // the instant a cell is popped). Enqueue-once across the cell set is the hard termination
        // guarantee for cyclic / hub / diamond graphs: at most N cells are ever processed. The
        // camera cell is pre-marked so a portal looping back to it can never re-enqueue it.
        var queued = new HashSet<uint> { cameraCell.CellId };
        var drawListed = new HashSet<uint>();
        var processedViewCounts = new Dictionary<uint, int>();
        var trace = PortalBuildTrace.Start(cameraCell, cameraPos);

        // [portal-churn] apparatus (2026-06-08): when ProbePortalChurnEnabled, accumulate re-enqueue churn
        // + reciprocal pre/post region counts, emitted as one summary line at end of Build. Inert when off.
        bool churnProbe = AcDream.Core.Rendering.RenderingDiagnostics.ProbePortalChurnEnabled;
        int churnReenqueues = 0;
        var churnReciprocal = churnProbe ? new System.Text.StringBuilder(256) : null;

        bool pvDump = false;
        if (s_pvDump)
        {
            lock (s_pvDumpCount)
            {
                s_pvDumpCount.TryGetValue(cameraCell.CellId, out int dc);
                if (dc < 2) { s_pvDumpCount[cameraCell.CellId] = dc + 1; pvDump = true; }
            }
            if (pvDump)
            {
                Console.WriteLine($"[pv-dump] camCell=0x{cameraCell.CellId:X8} portals={cameraCell.Portals.Count} polyLists={cameraCell.PortalPolygons.Count} vp[M11={viewProj.M11:F3} M22={viewProj.M22:F3} M33={viewProj.M33:F3} M34={viewProj.M34:F3} M43={viewProj.M43:F3} M44={viewProj.M44:F3}]");
                // Camera-cell portal census (A8.F triage 2026-05-29): report, for EVERY
                // portal, the exact inputs the BFS guards read — BEFORE the guards run, so
                // a portal the loop silently `continue`s past is still visible here. An
                // empty OUTSIDEVIEW can then be traced to the precise gate: polyLen<3 (empty
                // polygon from BuildLoadedCell), interiorSide=false (camera back-facing the
                // portal — a legitimately-empty result, not a bug), or (if both OK) a
                // downstream projection/clip failure shown by the EXIT-PROJ/EXIT-CLIP lines.
                for (int ci = 0; ci < cameraCell.Portals.Count; ci++)
                {
                    int plen = ci < cameraCell.PortalPolygons.Count
                        ? (cameraCell.PortalPolygons[ci]?.Length ?? -1) : -2;
                    bool hasPlane = ci < cameraCell.ClipPlanes.Count;
                    bool interiorSide = !hasPlane || CameraOnInteriorSide(cameraCell, ci, cameraPos);
                    var n = hasPlane ? cameraCell.ClipPlanes[ci].Normal : Vector3.Zero;
                    Console.WriteLine($"[pv-dump]   CAMPORTAL[{ci}] other=0x{cameraCell.Portals[ci].OtherCellId:X4} polyLen={plen} hasPlane={hasPlane} interiorSide={interiorSide} planeN=({n.X:F3},{n.Y:F3},{n.Z:F3})");
                }
            }
        }

        // T2 (BR-4): retail's growth propagation is IN PLACE, never by re-enqueue
        // — PView::AddViewToPortals (Ghidra 0x005a52d0, pc:433446): first
        // discovery enqueues via InsCellTodoList; growth into a cell whose
        // cell_view_done is set calls AdjustCellView (pc:433741-433745), which
        // re-clips ONLY the new views (the update_count watermark) through that
        // cell's portals immediately. Our processedViewCounts IS that watermark,
        // so in-place propagation = call ProcessCellPortals on the grown
        // neighbour; it processes exactly the new tail and recurses further
        // growth. Termination is physical: recursion fires only when AddRegion
        // added a DISTINCT polygon (CanonicalKey dedup) that survived the 1-px
        // vertex merge — the finite fixpoint floor that replaced the old
        // MaxReprocessPerCell=16 drift cap (deleted). The depth tripwire below
        // is a loud failsafe, not control flow: it firing means the convergence
        // invariant broke and must be fixed, not tuned.
        const int RecursionTripwire = 128;
        // #120 self-attribution: the recursion path (cell id per depth), so a
        // tripwire firing names the growth CYCLE instead of just the tip.
        // Harness sweeps (CornerFloodReplayTests *Converges tests) could not
        // reproduce the T5 firing — production-only ingredients (full lookup
        // graph / real camera path) are suspected; this dump pins them on the
        // next natural occurrence.
        var propagationChain = new uint[RecursionTripwire];

        void ProcessCellPortals(LoadedCell cell, int depth)
        {
            if (depth >= RecursionTripwire)
            {
                System.Threading.Interlocked.Increment(ref ConvergenceTripwireCount);
                Console.WriteLine($"[pv-ERROR] in-place propagation tripwire at depth {depth} on cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} — convergence invariant broken, investigate");
                DumpPropagationChain(propagationChain, depth, cameraCell.CellId, cameraPos);
                return;
            }
            propagationChain[depth] = cell.CellId;
            if (!frame.CellViews.TryGetValue(cell.CellId, out var currentView) || currentView.IsEmpty)
            {
                trace?.Add($"proc cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} skip=no-view");
                return;
            }

            processedViewCounts.TryGetValue(cell.CellId, out int processedCount);
            int endCount = currentView.Polygons.Count;
            if (processedCount >= endCount)
            {
                trace?.Add($"proc cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} skip=processed processed={processedCount} views={endCount}");
                return;
            }
            trace?.Add($"proc cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} processed={processedCount}->{endCount} depth={depth}");

            var activeViewPolygons = currentView.Polygons.GetRange(processedCount, endCount - processedCount);
            processedViewCounts[cell.CellId] = endCount;

            for (int i = 0; i < cell.Portals.Count; i++)
            {
                var portal = cell.Portals[i];
                if (i >= cell.PortalPolygons.Count)
                {
                    trace?.Add($"portal cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} p{i}->0x{portal.OtherCellId:X4} skip=no-poly-slot");
                    continue;
                }
                var poly = cell.PortalPolygons[i];
                if (poly == null || poly.Length < 3)
                {
                    trace?.Add($"portal cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} p{i}->0x{portal.OtherCellId:X4} skip=degenerate-poly len={(poly?.Length ?? -1)}");
                    continue;
                }

                bool dx = pvDump && cell.Portals[i].OtherCellId == 0xFFFF;
                bool eyeInsideOpening = EyeInsidePortalOpening(poly, cell.WorldTransform, cameraPos);

                // (R-A2b Phase 1 pin, throwaway) Log the side-test inputs for EVERY portal so a back-portal
                // traversal (cell=0x..0173 p->0x0171) can be attributed to B1 (eyeInsideOpening bypasses the
                // side-cull) vs B2 (CameraOnInteriorSide returns interior where retail's InitCell culls).
                // |D|<=1.75 means eyeInsideOpening is in range. Strip with the rest of the [pv-trace] apparatus.
                if (trace != null)
                {
                    bool camInterior = i >= cell.ClipPlanes.Count || CameraOnInteriorSide(cell, i, cameraPos);
                    float sideD = (i < cell.ClipPlanes.Count && cell.ClipPlanes[i].Normal.LengthSquared() >= 1e-8f)
                        ? Vector3.Dot(cell.ClipPlanes[i].Normal, Vector3.Transform(cameraPos, cell.InverseWorldTransform)) + cell.ClipPlanes[i].D
                        : float.NaN;
                    trace.Add($"sidechk cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} p{i}->0x{portal.OtherCellId:X4} camInterior={camInterior} eyeIn={eyeInsideOpening} D={(float.IsNaN(sideD) ? "na" : sideD.ToString("F2"))}");
                }

                bool sideAllowed = true;

                // Portal-side test (retail PView::InitCell side test, decomp:432962): only traverse a portal
                // the camera is on the INTERIOR side of. Retail culls the back-facing portal (the doorway just
                // flooded through) by this test ALONE — there is NO eye-in-opening bypass. R-A2b: the old
                // `&& !eyeInsideOpening` bypass let a back portal within 1.75 m through, forming the
                // 0171<->0173 flood cycle -> re-enqueue churn -> the doorway flap (pinned in flap-sidechk.log:
                // back portals show camInterior=False eyeIn=True). The forward-portal clip-empty void rescue
                // (below, the `clippedRegion.Count == 0` branch) is a SEPARATE path and stays.
                if (i < cell.ClipPlanes.Count
                    && !CameraOnInteriorSide(cell, i, cameraPos))
                {
                    sideAllowed = false;
                    trace?.Add($"portal cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} p{i}->0x{portal.OtherCellId:X4} skip=side eyeIn={eyeInsideOpening}");
                    if (dx) Console.WriteLine($"[pv-dump]   EXIT-CULLED(side) cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} p{i} localN={poly.Length} hasClipPlane={(i < cell.ClipPlanes.Count)}");
                    continue;
                }

                // Retail PView::ClipPortals calls GetClip(..., finish=1): transform to
                // homogeneous clip space, clip at the eye, then clip against the current
                // portal_view region before the divide. Do the same here; the old early
                // ProjectToNdc + 2D intersect path is too unstable for near/grazing doorways.
                var clippedRegion = ClipPortalAgainstView(
                    poly,
                    cell.WorldTransform,
                    viewProj,
                    activeViewPolygons,
                    out int clipVerts);
                if (dx) Console.WriteLine($"[pv-dump]   EXIT-PROJ cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} p{i} localN={poly.Length} clipN={clipVerts} local0=({poly[0].X:F2},{poly[0].Y:F2},{poly[0].Z:F2})");
                if (dx) Console.WriteLine($"[pv-dump]   EXIT-CLIP cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} p{i} currentViewPolys={currentView.Polygons.Count} clipResult={clippedRegion.Count}");

                // T2 (BR-4) attempted to delete this eye-in-opening rescue as
                // non-retail (retail's empty GetClip = no flood, no bypass) and
                // the CornerFloodReplay conformance gate REFUTED the deletion:
                // with the eye pressed at the 0x0172 corner, the 0x0173/0x0171
                // doorway chain clipped EMPTY at every sweep step — our
                // ProjectToClip near-eye behavior (EyePlaneW=1e-4) diverges from
                // retail polyClipFinish's near-W clip at its UNPINNED constant
                // cdstW (comparison doc open question). Until cdstW is read from
                // the binary and our near-eye clip matched to it, this rescue is
                // the documented compensation for that gap: a portal whose
                // opening the eye stands in (≤1.75 m perp + inside the opening)
                // substitutes the current view. Re-attempt the deletion ONLY
                // against the corner harness after pinning cdstW.
                if (clippedRegion.Count == 0)
                {
                    if (!EyeInsidePortalOpening(poly, cell.WorldTransform, cameraPos))
                    {
                        trace?.Add($"portal cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} p{i}->0x{portal.OtherCellId:X4} skip=clip-empty side={sideAllowed} eyeIn={eyeInsideOpening} clipVerts={clipVerts}");
                        continue;
                    }
                    foreach (var vp in activeViewPolygons)
                        clippedRegion.Add(new ViewPolygon((Vector2[])vp.Vertices.Clone()));
                }

                if (portal.OtherCellId == 0xFFFF)
                {
                    if (pvDump)
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine($"[pv-dump]   EXIT cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} p{i} localN={poly.Length} clipVerts={clipVerts} clipPolys={clippedRegion.Count}");
                        Console.WriteLine($"[pv-dump]     local=[{string.Join(" ", System.Array.ConvertAll(poly, v => $"({v.X:F2},{v.Y:F2},{v.Z:F2})"))}]");
                        foreach (var cp in clippedRegion)
                            Console.WriteLine($"[pv-dump]     clipped({cp.Vertices.Length})=[{string.Join(" ", System.Array.ConvertAll((Vector2[])cp.Vertices, v => $"({v.X:F3},{v.Y:F3})"))}]");
                    }
                    // Exit portal -> outdoors visible through this (clipped) opening.
                    AddRegion(frame.OutsideView, clippedRegion);
                    trace?.Add($"portal cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} p{i}->EXIT addOutside={clippedRegion.Count} clipVerts={clipVerts} eyeIn={eyeInsideOpening}");
                    continue;
                }

                uint neighbourId = lbMask | portal.OtherCellId;

                // Cross-building boundary: route to CrossBuildingViews, don't continue in-building BFS.
                // (Cross-building entry is retail's CBldPortal/AddToCell channel, not OtherPortalClip;
                // the reciprocal clip below is interior-cell-to-cell only, matching the OtherPortalClip
                // call inside ConstructView at decomp:433692.)
                if (buildingMembership != null && !buildingMembership(neighbourId))
                {
                    var xview = GetOrCreate(frame.CrossBuildingViews, neighbourId);
                    bool grewCross = AddRegion(xview, clippedRegion);
                    trace?.Add($"portal cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} p{i}->0x{neighbourId:X8} crossBldg polys={clippedRegion.Count} grew={grewCross}");
                    continue;
                }

                var neighbour = lookup(neighbourId);
                if (neighbour == null)
                {
                    trace?.Add($"portal cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} p{i}->0x{neighbourId:X8} skip=lookup-miss polys={clippedRegion.Count}");
                    continue;
                }

                // Phase U.2b — neighbour-side OtherPortalClip (retail PView::OtherPortalClip
                // decomp:433524). The portal opening seen from THIS cell may be wider than the
                // SAME opening seen from the neighbour (skewed/oblique apertures), so retail
                // re-clips the already-near-side-clipped region against the neighbour's matching
                // (reciprocal) portal polygon — the propagated region is the intersection of the
                // opening "seen from A" AND "seen from B". This can only TIGHTEN, never widen, and
                // degrades to the prior near-side-only region when the reciprocal is unresolvable
                // (over-include is the safe default). The reciprocal is the portal at index
                // `portal.OtherPortalId` in the NEIGHBOUR's portal list — retail's direct back-link
                // (arg2->other_portal_id, 433557), NOT a scan for the first OtherCellId match. The
                // direct index is what lets a cell with TWO portals to the same neighbour clip each
                // opening against its OWN reciprocal instead of the first one. Mutates clippedRegion
                // in place before the union below.
                // T2 (BR-4): reciprocal-empty culls — retail OtherPortalClip
                // returning nothing means the opening is invisible from the
                // neighbour's side; the old eye-in-opening restore was part of
                // the deleted rescue.
                int preReciprocalCount = clippedRegion.Count;
                ApplyReciprocalClip(clippedRegion, portal.OtherPortalId, portal.Flags, neighbour, viewProj);
                if (churnProbe)
                    churnReciprocal!.Append(System.FormattableString.Invariant(
                        $" recip[0x{neighbourId:X8} {preReciprocalCount}->{clippedRegion.Count}]"));
                if (clippedRegion.Count == 0)
                {
                    trace?.Add($"portal cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} p{i}->0x{neighbourId:X8} skip=reciprocal-empty pre={preReciprocalCount} otherPortal={portal.OtherPortalId}");
                    continue;
                }

                // Union the clipped region into the neighbour's accumulated view.
                var nview = GetOrCreate(frame.CellViews, neighbourId);
                bool grew = AddRegion(nview, clippedRegion);
                bool inserted = false;
                bool inPlace = false;
                float dist = float.NaN;

                if (grew)
                {
                    // First discovery → enqueue once (retail InsCellTodoList in
                    // the ecx_5==0 branch). Distance = camera→nearest portal-
                    // opening vertex (retail InitCell min-vertex distance,
                    // pc:432988-433004).
                    if (queued.Add(neighbourId))
                    {
                        dist = NearestPortalVertexDistance(poly, cell.WorldTransform, cameraPos);
                        todo.Insert(neighbour, dist);
                        inserted = true;
                    }
                    // Growth into an already-POPPED cell → retail AdjustCellView:
                    // process only the new views, immediately, in place. A cell
                    // discovered but still pending in the todo list needs nothing
                    // — its pop processes everything to date via the watermark.
                    else if (drawListed.Contains(neighbourId))
                    {
                        inPlace = true;
                        if (churnProbe) churnReenqueues++;
                        ProcessCellPortals(neighbour, depth + 1);
                    }
                }
                trace?.Add($"portal cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} p{i}->0x{neighbourId:X8} addCell polys={clippedRegion.Count} clipVerts={clipVerts} recip={preReciprocalCount}->{clippedRegion.Count} grew={grew} queued={inserted} inPlace={inPlace} dist={(float.IsNaN(dist) ? "na" : dist.ToString("F2"))}");
            }
        }

        while (todo.Count > 0)
        {
            var cell = todo.PopNearest();

            // Single pop per cell (enqueue-once) IS the cell's closest-first
            // draw position (retail appends to cell_draw_list once per pop,
            // pc:433783). Note: retail also RE-SORTS the draw list when a
            // late-grown cell's dependency order changes (AdjustCellPlace,
            // pc:433247); we keep first-pop order — under T1's whole-cell
            // far→near draws + depth testing, order affects only transparent-
            // pass compositing in exotic chains (documented residual for T5).
            if (drawListed.Add(cell.CellId))
                frame.OrderedVisibleCells.Add(cell.CellId);
            trace?.Add($"pop cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} drawPos={frame.OrderedVisibleCells.Count - 1}");

            ProcessCellPortals(cell, 0);
        }

        if (pvDump)
            Console.WriteLine($"[pv-dump] OUTSIDEVIEW polys={frame.OutsideView.Polygons.Count} bfsCellViews={frame.CellViews.Count} crossBldg={frame.CrossBuildingViews.Count}");

        // Phase U.4c flap probe (ACDREAM_PROBE_FLAP) — read-only per-frame snapshot of the
        // root cell's per-portal side-test + projection + the frame's exit/visible counts.
        if (AcDream.Core.Rendering.RenderingDiagnostics.ProbeFlapEnabled)
            EmitFlapProbe(cameraCell, cameraPos, viewProj, frame);
        trace?.Emit(frame);

        if (churnProbe)
        {
            // T2: pops are enqueue-once now; churnReenqueues counts retail-style
            // IN-PLACE propagations (AdjustCellView equivalents) instead.
            Console.WriteLine(System.FormattableString.Invariant(
                $"[portal-churn] root=0x{cameraCell.CellId:X8} cells={frame.OrderedVisibleCells.Count} inPlaceProps={churnReenqueues}") + churnReciprocal);
        }

        return frame;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Build a portal visibility frame for an OUTDOOR viewer looking into one or more
    /// outside-facing cell portals. This is the reciprocal of <see cref="Build"/>:
    /// the seed view is the projected exit-portal opening instead of a full-screen
    /// camera cell. It keeps the same retail distance-priority traversal and
    /// neighbour reciprocal clipping once inside the building.
    /// </summary>
    public static PortalVisibilityFrame BuildFromExterior(
        IEnumerable<LoadedCell> candidateCells,
        Vector3 cameraPos,
        Func<uint, LoadedCell?> lookup,
        Matrix4x4 viewProj,
        float maxSeedDistance = float.PositiveInfinity)
    {
        var frame = new PortalVisibilityFrame();
        var todo = new CellTodoList();
        var queued = new HashSet<uint>();
        var drawListed = new HashSet<uint>();
        var processedViewCounts = new Dictionary<uint, int>();

        foreach (var cell in candidateCells)
        {
            if (cell is null) continue;

            for (int i = 0; i < cell.Portals.Count; i++)
            {
                var portal = cell.Portals[i];
                if (portal.OtherCellId != 0xFFFF)
                    continue;
                if (i >= cell.PortalPolygons.Count)
                    continue;

                var poly = cell.PortalPolygons[i];
                if (poly == null || poly.Length < 3)
                    continue;

                // Exterior peering starts from the OUTSIDE face of an exit portal.
                // If the camera is on the cell-interior side, the normal indoor
                // DrawInside path owns this portal instead. T2 (BR-4): a seed
                // portal the eye is IN-PLANE with (|dist| <= F_EPSILON) rejects
                // OUTRIGHT — retail ConstructView(CBldPortal) returns 0 on
                // Sidedness IN_PLANE (Ghidra 0x005a59a0); no degenerate view is
                // ever built from a knife-edge aperture.
                if (i < cell.ClipPlanes.Count)
                {
                    if (CameraOnInteriorSide(cell, i, cameraPos))
                        continue;
                    if (EyeInPlaneOfPortal(cell, i, cameraPos))
                        continue;
                }

                float seedDistance = NearestPortalVertexDistance(poly, cell.WorldTransform, cameraPos);
                if (seedDistance > maxSeedDistance)
                    continue;

                var clippedRegion = ClipPortalAgainstView(
                    poly,
                    cell.WorldTransform,
                    viewProj,
                    FullScreenRegion,
                    out _);

                // T2 (BR-4): empty clip = no seed, no exceptions (retail's
                // empty-GetClip rule; the full-screen substitute rescue is
                // deleted — see Build()).
                if (clippedRegion.Count == 0)
                    continue;

                var seedView = GetOrCreate(frame.CellViews, cell.CellId);
                bool grew = AddRegion(seedView, clippedRegion);

                if (grew && queued.Add(cell.CellId))
                    todo.Insert(cell, seedDistance);
            }
        }

        // T2 (BR-4): in-place growth propagation — mirrors Build()'s
        // ProcessCellPortals (retail AdjustCellView via the watermark); the
        // re-enqueue + MaxReprocessPerCell cap and the eye-in-opening rescues
        // are deleted (empty clip culls, period).
        const int RecursionTripwire = 128;
        var propagationChain = new uint[RecursionTripwire]; // #120 self-attribution — see Build()

        void ProcessCellPortals(LoadedCell cell, int depth)
        {
            if (depth >= RecursionTripwire)
            {
                System.Threading.Interlocked.Increment(ref ConvergenceTripwireCount);
                Console.WriteLine($"[pv-ERROR] look-in in-place propagation tripwire at depth {depth} on cell=0x{cell.CellId:X8} — convergence invariant broken, investigate");
                DumpPropagationChain(propagationChain, depth, 0u, cameraPos);
                return;
            }
            propagationChain[depth] = cell.CellId;
            if (!frame.CellViews.TryGetValue(cell.CellId, out var currentView) || currentView.IsEmpty)
                return;

            processedViewCounts.TryGetValue(cell.CellId, out int processedCount);
            int endCount = currentView.Polygons.Count;
            if (processedCount >= endCount)
                return;

            var activeViewPolygons = currentView.Polygons.GetRange(processedCount, endCount - processedCount);
            processedViewCounts[cell.CellId] = endCount;
            uint lbMask = cell.CellId & 0xFFFF0000u;

            for (int i = 0; i < cell.Portals.Count; i++)
            {
                if (i >= cell.PortalPolygons.Count)
                    continue;

                var poly = cell.PortalPolygons[i];
                if (poly == null || poly.Length < 3)
                    continue;

                var portal = cell.Portals[i];
                if (portal.OtherCellId == 0xFFFF)
                    continue; // already outdoors; exterior terrain was drawn by the caller.

                // R-A2b: cull back portals by the side test alone — see Build().
                if (i < cell.ClipPlanes.Count
                    && !CameraOnInteriorSide(cell, i, cameraPos))
                    continue;

                var clippedRegion = ClipPortalAgainstView(
                    poly,
                    cell.WorldTransform,
                    viewProj,
                    activeViewPolygons,
                    out _);

                if (clippedRegion.Count == 0)
                    continue;

                uint neighbourId = lbMask | portal.OtherCellId;
                var neighbour = lookup(neighbourId);
                if (neighbour == null)
                    continue;

                ApplyReciprocalClip(clippedRegion, portal.OtherPortalId, portal.Flags, neighbour, viewProj);
                if (clippedRegion.Count == 0)
                    continue;

                var nview = GetOrCreate(frame.CellViews, neighbourId);
                bool grew = AddRegion(nview, clippedRegion);

                if (grew)
                {
                    if (queued.Add(neighbourId))
                    {
                        float dist = NearestPortalVertexDistance(poly, cell.WorldTransform, cameraPos);
                        todo.Insert(neighbour, dist);
                    }
                    else if (drawListed.Contains(neighbourId))
                    {
                        ProcessCellPortals(neighbour, depth + 1);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        while (todo.Count > 0)
        {
            var cell = todo.PopNearest();

            if (drawListed.Add(cell.CellId))
                frame.OrderedVisibleCells.Add(cell.CellId);

            ProcessCellPortals(cell, 0);
        }

        return frame;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Retail per-building flood — <c>PView::ConstructView(CBldPortal*, …)</c> (decomp:433827),
    /// reached from <c>BSPPORTAL::portal_draw_portals_only</c> (0x53d870) → <c>DrawPortal</c>
    /// (0x5a5ab0) during the terrain BSP walk. Floods ONE building's cells from its outside-facing
    /// entrance portal(s). Identical machinery to <see cref="BuildFromExterior"/>, but the CONTRACT is
    /// per-building: the caller passes exactly one building's cells, so the seed is that building's
    /// FINITE entrance opening (bounded flood depth → the stable ~2-cell view retail draws per visible
    /// building, measured live §3.4). This differs from the synthetic outdoor node's single unified
    /// flood whose full-screen-ish seed reaches variable depth into a building as the eye moves — the
    /// 2↔6 oscillation. Robustness is validated by the conformance test, not assumed.
    /// </summary>
    public static PortalVisibilityFrame ConstructViewBuilding(
        IEnumerable<LoadedCell> buildingCells,
        Vector3 cameraPos,
        Func<uint, LoadedCell?> lookup,
        Matrix4x4 viewProj,
        float maxSeedDistance = float.PositiveInfinity)
        => BuildFromExterior(buildingCells, cameraPos, lookup, viewProj, maxSeedDistance);

    // The NDC [-1,1] viewport quad (CCW), reused by the flap probe's clip recompute.
    private static readonly Vector2[] FullScreenQuad =
        { new Vector2(-1f, -1f), new Vector2(1f, -1f), new Vector2(1f, 1f), new Vector2(-1f, 1f) };

    private static readonly ViewPolygon[] FullScreenRegion =
        { new ViewPolygon(FullScreenQuad) };

    private static List<ViewPolygon> ClipPortalAgainstView(
        Vector3[] localPoly,
        Matrix4x4 cellToWorld,
        Matrix4x4 viewProj,
        IReadOnlyList<ViewPolygon> viewPolygons,
        out int clipVertexCount)
    {
        var portalClip = PortalProjection.ProjectToClip(localPoly, cellToWorld, viewProj);
        clipVertexCount = portalClip.Length;
        var clippedRegion = new List<ViewPolygon>();
        if (portalClip.Length < 3)
            return clippedRegion;

        foreach (var vp in viewPolygons)
        {
            if (vp.IsEmpty)
                continue;

            var clipped = PortalProjection.ClipToRegion(portalClip, vp.Vertices);
            if (clipped.Length >= 3)
                clippedRegion.Add(new ViewPolygon(clipped));
        }

        return clippedRegion;
    }

    private const int PortalTraceEmitLimit = 160;
    private static readonly object s_portalTraceLock = new();
    private static readonly Dictionary<uint, string> s_portalTraceLastSignature = new();
    private static int s_portalTraceEmits;

    private sealed class PortalBuildTrace
    {
        private readonly uint _rootCellId;
        private readonly Vector3 _eye;
        private readonly List<string> _lines = new();

        private PortalBuildTrace(uint rootCellId, Vector3 eye)
        {
            _rootCellId = rootCellId;
            _eye = eye;
        }

        public static PortalBuildTrace? Start(LoadedCell root, Vector3 eye)
        {
            if (!AcDream.Core.Rendering.RenderingDiagnostics.ProbeFlapEnabled)
                return null;
            if (!IsHoltburgIndoorProbeCell(root.CellId))
                return null;
            return new PortalBuildTrace(root.CellId, eye);
        }

        public void Add(string line)
        {
            if (_lines.Count < 96)
                _lines.Add(line);
        }

        public void Emit(PortalVisibilityFrame frame)
        {
            string signature = BuildSignature(frame);
            lock (s_portalTraceLock)
            {
                if (s_portalTraceEmits >= PortalTraceEmitLimit)
                    return;
                if (s_portalTraceLastSignature.TryGetValue(_rootCellId, out var last) &&
                    string.Equals(last, signature, StringComparison.Ordinal))
                    return;
                s_portalTraceLastSignature[_rootCellId] = signature;
                s_portalTraceEmits++;
            }

            Console.WriteLine($"[pv-trace] root=0x{_rootCellId:X8} eye=({_eye.X:F2},{_eye.Y:F2},{_eye.Z:F2}) {signature}");
            foreach (var line in _lines)
                Console.WriteLine("[pv-trace]   " + line);
        }
    }

    private static bool IsHoltburgIndoorProbeCell(uint cellId)
    {
        if ((cellId & 0xFFFF0000u) != 0xA9B40000u)
            return false;
        uint low = cellId & 0xFFFFu;
        return low >= 0x016F && low <= 0x0175;
    }

    private static string BuildSignature(PortalVisibilityFrame frame)
    {
        var sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder(160);
        sb.Append("outPolys=").Append(frame.OutsideView.Polygons.Count);
        sb.Append(" cells=[");
        for (int i = 0; i < frame.OrderedVisibleCells.Count; i++)
        {
            if (i != 0) sb.Append(',');
            sb.Append("0x").Append((frame.OrderedVisibleCells[i] & 0xFFFFu).ToString("X4"));
        }
        sb.Append("] views=[");
        bool first = true;
        foreach (var kvp in frame.CellViews)
        {
            if (!first) sb.Append(',');
            first = false;
            sb.Append("0x").Append((kvp.Key & 0xFFFFu).ToString("X4")).Append(':').Append(kvp.Value.Polygons.Count);
        }
        sb.Append(']');
        return sb.ToString();
    }

    // Phase U.4c flap probe. One [flap] line per Build: the root cell's per-portal
    // signed distance D (eye→portal plane), traverse/cull decision, and NDC projection
    // vertex count, plus the frame's OutsideView polygon count + visible-cell count.
    // `localEye` is the eye in root-local space — its component along an interior portal
    // plane reveals when the eye has crossed past that plane (the stale-root region that
    // makes the side test cull a still-needed portal). Read-only recompute; no effect on
    // the returned frame. Throwaway apparatus — strip with the probe.
    private static void EmitFlapProbe(
        LoadedCell cameraCell, Vector3 cameraPos, Matrix4x4 viewProj, PortalVisibilityFrame frame)
    {
        var localEye = Vector3.Transform(cameraPos, cameraCell.InverseWorldTransform);
        var sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder(220);
        sb.Append("[flap] root=0x").Append(cameraCell.CellId.ToString("X8"));
        sb.Append(" eye=(").Append(cameraPos.X.ToString("F2")).Append(',')
          .Append(cameraPos.Y.ToString("F2")).Append(',').Append(cameraPos.Z.ToString("F2")).Append(')');
        sb.Append(" localEye=(").Append(localEye.X.ToString("F2")).Append(',')
          .Append(localEye.Y.ToString("F2")).Append(',').Append(localEye.Z.ToString("F2")).Append(')');
        for (int i = 0; i < cameraCell.Portals.Count; i++)
        {
            var portal = cameraCell.Portals[i];
            float d = float.NaN;
            bool side = true;
            if (i < cameraCell.ClipPlanes.Count && cameraCell.ClipPlanes[i].Normal.LengthSquared() >= 1e-8f)
            {
                var pl = cameraCell.ClipPlanes[i];
                d = Vector3.Dot(pl.Normal, localEye) + pl.D;
                side = CameraOnInteriorSide(cameraCell, i, cameraPos);
            }
            // Replicate the walk's faithful path exactly (ProjectToClip → ClipToRegion(FullScreen)) so
            // proj/clip mean the same as production: proj = clip-space verts in front of the eye,
            // clip = verts surviving the screen-region clip. clip=0 with proj>=3 ⇒ the portal is
            // genuinely off-screen; the ndc coords (post-clip, bounded) show where on screen it lands.
            int projN = -1, clipN = -1;
            string ndcText = "";
            if (i < cameraCell.PortalPolygons.Count)
            {
                var poly = cameraCell.PortalPolygons[i];
                if (poly != null && poly.Length >= 3)
                {
                    var clip = PortalProjection.ProjectToClip(poly, cameraCell.WorldTransform, viewProj);
                    projN = clip.Length;
                    if (clip.Length >= 3)
                    {
                        var ndc = PortalProjection.ClipToRegion(clip, FullScreenQuad);
                        clipN = ndc.Length;
                        var ns = new System.Text.StringBuilder(48);
                        foreach (var v in ndc) ns.Append('(').Append(v.X.ToString("F1")).Append(',').Append(v.Y.ToString("F1")).Append(')');
                        ndcText = ns.ToString();
                    }
                }
            }
            sb.Append(" | p").Append(i).Append("->0x").Append(portal.OtherCellId.ToString("X4"));
            sb.Append(" D=").Append(float.IsNaN(d) ? "na" : d.ToString("F2"));
            sb.Append(side ? " TRV" : " CULL");
            sb.Append(" proj=").Append(projN).Append(" clip=").Append(clipN);
            if (ndcText.Length > 0) sb.Append(" ndc=").Append(ndcText);
        }
        sb.Append(" || outPolys=").Append(frame.OutsideView.Polygons.Count);
        sb.Append(" vis=").Append(frame.OrderedVisibleCells.Count);
        Console.WriteLine(sb.ToString());
    }

    // Mirrors CellVisibility's portal-side test (InsideSide convention).
    // In-plane (|dot| <= PortalSideEpsilon) counts as interior-side — retail
    // InitCell leaves the in-plane case a CANDIDATE for cell portals (Ghidra
    // 0x005a4b70); building/exterior SEED portals additionally reject in-plane
    // via EyeInPlaneOfPortal (retail ConstructView(CBldPortal) IN_PLANE → 0).
    private static bool CameraOnInteriorSide(LoadedCell cell, int portalIndex, Vector3 cameraPos)
    {
        var plane = cell.ClipPlanes[portalIndex];
        if (plane.Normal.LengthSquared() < 1e-8f) return true; // no usable plane → allow
        var localCam = Vector3.Transform(cameraPos, cell.InverseWorldTransform);
        float dot = Vector3.Dot(plane.Normal, localCam) + plane.D;
        return plane.InsideSide == 0 ? dot >= -PortalSideEpsilon : dot <= PortalSideEpsilon;
    }

    // T2 (BR-4): retail ConstructView(CBldPortal)'s Sidedness IN_PLANE reject
    // (Ghidra 0x005a59a0): |eye·N + d| <= F_EPSILON → the building/exterior
    // portal contributes nothing this frame (knife-edge aperture). Uses the
    // true retail epsilon, NOT the side test's root-lag tolerance.
    private static bool EyeInPlaneOfPortal(LoadedCell cell, int portalIndex, Vector3 cameraPos)
    {
        var plane = cell.ClipPlanes[portalIndex];
        if (plane.Normal.LengthSquared() < 1e-8f) return false;
        var localCam = Vector3.Transform(cameraPos, cell.InverseWorldTransform);
        float dot = Vector3.Dot(plane.Normal, localCam) + plane.D;
        return MathF.Abs(dot) <= SeedInPlaneEpsilon;
    }

    // Reverse vertex order in place if the polygon is wound clockwise (signed area < 0).
    private static void EnsureCcw(Vector2[] poly)
    {
        float area2 = 0f;
        for (int i = 0; i < poly.Length; i++)
        {
            var p = poly[i]; var q = poly[(i + 1) % poly.Length];
            area2 += p.X * q.Y - q.X * p.Y;
        }
        if (area2 < 0f) Array.Reverse(poly);
    }

    // Phase U.2b — reciprocal OtherPortalClip (retail PView::OtherPortalClip decomp:433524).
    // Resolves the neighbour's reciprocal back-portal by DIRECT INDEX (`otherPortalId`), projects
    // that reciprocal polygon through the NEIGHBOUR's world transform to NDC, and intersects it into
    // every polygon of `clippedRegion` (already clipped against the near-side opening + current
    // view). The net region is "opening seen from the near cell" ∩ "opening seen from the
    // neighbour" — a strict tightening that prevents over-inclusion through skewed apertures.
    //
    // `otherPortalId` is the near-side portal's reciprocal back-link, straight from the dat's
    // CellPortal.OtherPortalId. Retail indexes the neighbour's portal array with it directly —
    // `portals->portal[arg2->other_portal_id ...]` at 005a54b2/005a54f6 — rather than scanning for
    // the first OtherCellId match. A scan picks the FIRST back-portal for EVERY near-side portal to
    // the same neighbour, so a cell with two openings into one neighbour clips both against the same
    // (first) reciprocal — hiding the second opening when the apertures are disjoint (under-inclusion
    // bug #102 M-4). The direct index gives each opening its own reciprocal.
    //
    // GUARDS — degrade to over-include (leave `clippedRegion` untouched), NEVER clip against a
    // guessed polygon: the index is out of range, OR the indexed polygon is missing/degenerate
    // (< 3 verts), OR it projects entirely behind the camera. Over-inclusion is the safe default;
    // mis-resolution is the bug this method exists to remove. PortalPolygons is in lockstep with
    // Portals, so index `otherPortalId` selects the reciprocal polygon. NEVER throws.
    // Dat CellPortal flags bit 0 (DatReaderWriter.Enums.PortalFlags.ExactMatch; retail
    // CCellPortal.exact_match at +0x14, acclient.h:32300).
    private const ushort PortalFlagExactMatch = 0x0001;

    private static void ApplyReciprocalClip(
        List<ViewPolygon> clippedRegion, ushort otherPortalId, ushort portalFlags,
        LoadedCell neighbour, Matrix4x4 viewProj)
    {
        if (clippedRegion.Count == 0) return;

        // Retail skips OtherPortalClip entirely for exact-match portals — both cells share
        // the SAME opening polygon, so re-clipping against the reciprocal can only re-derive
        // the near-side clip: PView::ClipPortals decomp:433689
        // `if (exact_match != 0 || other_portal_id < 0) goto propagate-without-reciprocal`.
        if ((portalFlags & PortalFlagExactMatch) != 0) return;

        // Direct back-link index (retail arg2->other_portal_id). Out-of-range → over-include.
        if (otherPortalId >= neighbour.PortalPolygons.Count) return;
        Vector3[]? reciprocalPoly = neighbour.PortalPolygons[otherPortalId];
        if (reciprocalPoly == null || reciprocalPoly.Length < 3) return; // missing/degenerate → over-include

        // §4 corner/doorway fix (2026-06-10): the reciprocal clip now runs the SAME homogeneous
        // pipeline as the forward clip — retail PView::OtherPortalClip (decomp:433524-433563) routes
        // the reciprocal polygon through the very same GetClip(finish=1) → ACRender::polyClipFinish
        // homogeneous clipper as the near-side portal; there is no divide-first special case.
        //
        // HISTORY: this used to be ProjectToNdc + 2D ScreenPolygonClip.Intersect, justified by "the
        // reciprocal is a back-portal one hop away — never near the eye". That assumption is FALSE
        // exactly at doorways/corners: the reciprocal IS the same opening whose plane the eye presses
        // against (2-60 cm). ProjectToNdc's MinW=0.05 eye-clip + side-plane clip + divide is knife-edge
        // there — 2 cm eye moves flipped its output between "covers the region" and a duplicated-vertex
        // hairline, which CellView.Add's snap-dedup then rejected → the neighbour room dropped from the
        // flood for isolated frames → the corner/transition background strobe (CornerFloodReplayTests
        // pins this deterministically; the glitch steps die with this change). The old path's other
        // rationale — per-round float drift defeating the exact-match CellView dedup — is obsolete:
        // CanonicalKey's 1e-3-grid snap dedup (2026-06-06) absorbs re-clip drift by construction.
        var reciprocalClip = PortalProjection.ProjectToClip(reciprocalPoly, neighbour.WorldTransform, viewProj);
        if (reciprocalClip.Length < 3) return; // reciprocal entirely behind the eye → no constraint (over-include)

        // Intersect the reciprocal opening into each near-side polygon; drop any that fall away.
        // ClipToRegion(subject=homogeneous reciprocal, region=near-side NDC polygon) = the same
        // region-edge homogeneous Sutherland-Hodgman the forward hop uses (polyClipFinish port).
        for (int k = clippedRegion.Count - 1; k >= 0; k--)
        {
            var tightened = PortalProjection.ClipToRegion(reciprocalClip, clippedRegion[k].Vertices);
            if (tightened.Length >= 3) clippedRegion[k] = new ViewPolygon(tightened);
            else clippedRegion.RemoveAt(k);
        }
    }

    private static CellView GetOrCreate(Dictionary<uint, CellView> map, uint key)
    {
        if (!map.TryGetValue(key, out var v)) { v = new CellView(); map[key] = v; }
        return v;
    }

    private static bool AddRegion(CellView view, List<ViewPolygon> region)
    {
        bool grew = false;
        foreach (var poly in region)
            grew |= view.Add(poly);
        return grew;
    }

    // Camera→nearest-vertex distance for a portal polygon, in world space. Mirrors the per-portal
    // min-distance loop retail runs in PView::InitCell (decomp:432988-433004) to key the todo list:
    // it walks the portal's vertices, transforms each to world space, and keeps the smallest
    // straight-line distance to the camera viewpoint. Keying on the portal opening (not the cell
    // origin) is both retail-faithful and robust to cells whose WorldPosition was never populated.
    private static float NearestPortalVertexDistance(Vector3[] localPoly, Matrix4x4 worldTransform, Vector3 cameraPos)
    {
        float best = float.MaxValue;
        for (int i = 0; i < localPoly.Length; i++)
        {
            var world = Vector3.Transform(localPoly[i], worldTransform);
            float d2 = Vector3.DistanceSquared(world, cameraPos);
            if (d2 < best) best = d2;
        }
        return best == float.MaxValue ? 0f : MathF.Sqrt(best);
    }

    // "Eye standing in the opening": the eye is within this perpendicular distance of a portal's
    // plane. Live captures hit two retail-valid degenerate cases: cottage doorway D=0.16 m and
    // cellar->stair portal D=1.41 m, both traversable but ProjectToNdc returned zero vertices. We still
    // require the perpendicular projection to land inside the opening, so side/offscreen portals stay
    // culled; this only covers active portals whose 2D projection collapses near the chase camera.
    private const float EyeStandingPerpDist = 1.75f;

    /// <summary>
    /// True when the camera eye is "standing in" <paramref name="localPoly"/>'s opening: within
    /// <see cref="EyeStandingPerpDist"/> of the portal plane AND its perpendicular projection onto
    /// that plane falls inside the portal polygon. This is the case where the 2D portal projection
    /// degenerates to empty (the eye is in the doorway plane) yet the neighbour is genuinely visible
    /// — retail's 3D portal clip imposes no constraint there. Used only as the gate that lets such a
    /// portal flood its neighbour with the current view; a degenerate portal the eye is NOT inside
    /// (off-screen / across the room) returns false and stays culled, so the visible set cannot blow up.
    /// </summary>
    private static bool EyeInsidePortalOpening(Vector3[] localPoly, Matrix4x4 worldTransform, Vector3 eyeWorld)
    {
        if (localPoly == null || localPoly.Length < 3) return false;
        var p0 = Vector3.Transform(localPoly[0], worldTransform);
        var p1 = Vector3.Transform(localPoly[1], worldTransform);
        var p2 = Vector3.Transform(localPoly[2], worldTransform);
        var n = Vector3.Cross(p1 - p0, p2 - p0);
        float nl = n.Length();
        if (nl < 1e-8f) return false; // degenerate polygon — no plane
        n /= nl;
        float perp = Vector3.Dot(n, eyeWorld - p0);
        if (MathF.Abs(perp) > EyeStandingPerpDist) return false; // eye not close to the portal plane

        // In-plane 2D basis (u along the first edge, v = n × u). Project the eye + every vertex into
        // it (the perpendicular component drops out of the dot products) and run a point-in-polygon test.
        var u = p1 - p0;
        float ul = u.Length();
        if (ul < 1e-8f) return false;
        u /= ul;
        var v = Vector3.Cross(n, u);
        var rel = eyeWorld - p0;
        var eye2 = new Vector2(Vector3.Dot(rel, u), Vector3.Dot(rel, v));
        var poly2 = new Vector2[localPoly.Length];
        for (int k = 0; k < localPoly.Length; k++)
        {
            var w = Vector3.Transform(localPoly[k], worldTransform) - p0;
            poly2[k] = new Vector2(Vector3.Dot(w, u), Vector3.Dot(w, v));
        }
        return PointInPoly2D(eye2, poly2);
    }

    // Standard ray-crossing (even-odd) point-in-polygon test.
    private static bool PointInPoly2D(Vector2 p, Vector2[] poly)
    {
        bool inside = false;
        for (int i = 0, j = poly.Length - 1; i < poly.Length; j = i++)
        {
            var a = poly[i];
            var b = poly[j];
            if (((a.Y > p.Y) != (b.Y > p.Y)) &&
                (p.X < (b.X - a.X) * (p.Y - a.Y) / (b.Y - a.Y) + a.X))
                inside = !inside;
        }
        return inside;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Distance-sorted work list for the portal BFS, ported from retail PView::cell_todo_list +
    /// InsCellTodoList (decomp:433183). Insertion keeps the list ordered so the NEAREST cell sits at
    /// the tail; <see cref="PopNearest"/> removes the tail — giving closest-first traversal exactly
    /// as ConstructView's pop-from-(cell_todo_num-1) does (433767-433769). The insertion only shifts
    /// entries strictly farther than the newcomer (retail's flag test breaks on the first
    /// not-greater entry), so an equal-distance newcomer lands at the tail and pops FIRST —
    /// LIFO on ties, matching retail's break-on-first-not-greater + pop-from-tail.
    /// </summary>
    private sealed class CellTodoList
    {
        private readonly List<(LoadedCell Cell, float Distance)> _items = new();

        public int Count => _items.Count;

        public void Insert(LoadedCell cell, float distance)
        {
            // Find the slot: scan from the tail (nearest) toward the head while existing entries are
            // strictly nearer than `distance`, so the newcomer lands just ABOVE every entry that is
            // farther-or-equal — i.e. nearest-at-tail order, LIFO on ties (an equal-distance
            // newcomer inserts at the tail and pops first).
            int idx = _items.Count;
            while (idx > 0 && _items[idx - 1].Distance < distance)
                idx--;
            _items.Insert(idx, (cell, distance));
        }

        public LoadedCell PopNearest()
        {
            int last = _items.Count - 1;
            var cell = _items[last].Cell;
            _items.RemoveAt(last);
            return cell;
        }
    }
}