// PortalProjection.cs
//
// Phase A8.F: project a cell-local portal polygon to NDC screen space. Homogeneous frustum clip
// in CLIP SPACE (before the perspective divide): first the IN-FRONT-OF-EYE half-space (keep where
// w > MinW) so a portal straddling the camera does not invert under the divide and the divide
// stays bounded away from the w=0 eye singularity, then the 4 SIDE planes (x,y within ±w) so every
// surviving vertex lands on the screen [-1,1] by construction. The side-plane clip is the R1
// void-flap fix (2026-06-05) — see ProjectToNdc.
//
// The clip is NEAR-INDEPENDENT on purpose. We only use the projected x/y for the visibility clip
// REGION, so a vertex in front of the eye is meaningful even if it is closer than the projection's
// near plane. acdream's cameras build projection with Matrix4x4.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView (D3D
// convention, NDC z in [0,1]) and a 1.0 m near plane (RetailChaseCamera). The previous w+z>=0
// predicate was the GL ([-1,1]) near-plane test; against the D3D matrix it discarded everything
// within ~0.5 m of the eye, so a doorway the chase camera was ~0.1 m from got clipped to empty ->
// the cell behind it was culled -> the cottage doorway "void" (2026-06-03). Clipping at the eye
// (w > MinW) keeps a portal you're standing in (it covers the screen) so the cell behind stays
// visible. Retail PView::GetClip / ConstructView(CBldPortal) (decomp:432344 / 433832) near-clip the
// portal poly likewise before projecting.
using System.Buffers;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Numerics;

namespace AcDream.App.Rendering;

public static class PortalProjection
{
    internal ref struct ClipPolygonLease
    {
        private readonly ArrayPool<Vector4>? _pool;
        private Vector4[]? _first;
        private Vector4[]? _second;
        private Vector4[]? _result;
        private readonly int _count;
        private bool _disposed;

        internal ClipPolygonLease(
            ArrayPool<Vector4>? pool,
            Vector4[]? first,
            Vector4[]? second,
            Vector4[]? result,
            int count)
        {
            _pool = pool;
            _first = first;
            _second = second;
            _result = result;
            _count = count;
            _disposed = false;
        }

        public int Count
        {
            get
            {
                ThrowIfDisposed();
                return _count;
            }
        }

        public ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> Span
        {
            get
            {
                ThrowIfDisposed();
                return _result is null
                    ? ReadOnlySpan<Vector4>.Empty
                    : _result.AsSpan(0, _count);
            }
        }

        public void Dispose()
        {
            if (_disposed)
                return;

            _disposed = true;
            ArrayPool<Vector4>? pool = _pool;
            if (_first is not null)
                pool!.Return(_first);
            if (_second is not null)
                pool!.Return(_second);
            _first = null;
            _second = null;
            _result = null;
        }

        private readonly void ThrowIfDisposed()
        {
            if (_disposed)
                throw new ObjectDisposedException(nameof(ClipPolygonLease));
        }
    }

    /// <summary>Project a cell-local polygon to NDC, preserving the projected winding of
    /// the input (NOT normalized to CCW). The caller (PortalVisibilityBuilder) is responsible
    /// for feeding camera-facing portal polygons (via the portal-side test) so the result is
    /// CCW for the CCW-only <see cref="ScreenPolygonClip"/>. Returns fewer than 3 verts when
    /// the polygon is entirely behind the camera / degenerate.</summary>
    public static Vector2[] ProjectToNdc(IReadOnlyList<Vector3> localPoly, Matrix4x4 cellToWorld, Matrix4x4 viewProj)
        => ProjectToNdc(localPoly, cellToWorld, viewProj, ArrayPool<Vector4>.Shared);

    internal static Vector2[] ProjectToNdc(
        IReadOnlyList<Vector3> localPoly,
        Matrix4x4 cellToWorld,
        Matrix4x4 viewProj,
        ArrayPool<Vector4> vectorPool)
    {
        if (localPoly == null || localPoly.Count < 3) return System.Array.Empty<Vector2>();
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(vectorPool);

        Matrix4x4 m = cellToWorld * viewProj;

        // A convex polygon can gain at most one vertex at each clipping plane. Keep the two
        // Sutherland-Hodgman work buffers in ArrayPool instead of allocating six Lists per portal.
        int capacity = checked(localPoly.Count + 5);
        Vector4[] first = vectorPool.Rent(capacity);
        Vector4[]? second = null;

        // Homogeneous frustum clip in CLIP SPACE, before the perspective divide. First the
        // in-front-of-eye half-space (w > MinW) — near-INDEPENDENT, so a portal the camera is
        // standing in still projects (see header); then the 4 SIDE planes (x,y within ±w). The
        // side clip is the R1 void-flap fix (2026-06-05): without it, a portal WITHIN the near
        // plane projected small-w verts to wildly off-screen NDC (the probe saw (10.2,-67.4)),
        // which corrupted the downstream 2D ScreenPolygonClip into an EMPTY region -> OutsideView
        // empty -> terrain Skip -> the bluish doorway "void". Clipping the side planes here bounds
        // every surviving vertex to the screen [-1,1] by construction, so a screen-covering doorway
        // clips to the screen (non-empty) instead of collapsing. The eye plane is clipped FIRST so
        // all survivors have w > 0, making the side-plane functionals (w ± x, w ± y) well defined.
        // Near/far are intentionally NOT clipped (near-independence). Retail PView::GetClip
        // (decomp:0x005a4320) projects + frustum-clips the portal poly likewise (research doc A §3.5).
        try
        {
            second = vectorPool.Rent(capacity);
            int currentCount = localPoly.Count;
            for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++)
                first[i] = Vector4.Transform(new Vector4(localPoly[i], 1f), m);

            Vector4[] current = first;
            Vector4[] output = second;
            ReadOnlySpan<HomogeneousPlane> planes =
            [
                HomogeneousPlane.EyeMinW,
                HomogeneousPlane.Left,
                HomogeneousPlane.Right,
                HomogeneousPlane.Bottom,
                HomogeneousPlane.Top,
            ];
            foreach (HomogeneousPlane plane in planes)
            {
                currentCount = ClipHomogeneousPlane(
                    current.AsSpan(0, currentCount), output, plane);
                if (currentCount < 3)
                    return System.Array.Empty<Vector2>();
                (current, output) = (output, current);
            }

            // Perspective divide → NDC xy. This is the only result allocation.
            var ndc = new Vector2[currentCount];
            for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++)
            {
                float w = current[i].W;
                ndc[i] = new Vector2(current[i].X / w, current[i].Y / w);
            }
            return ndc;
        }
        finally
        {
            vectorPool.Return(first);
            if (second is not null)
                vectorPool.Return(second);
        }
    }

    /// <summary>Faithful homogeneous projection (retail PrimD3DRender::xformStart + the W=0 clip of
    /// ACRender::polyClipFinish, decomp 424310 / 702749): transform the portal to clip space and clip
    /// ONLY the eye plane (w &gt;= 0, EXACT), keeping homogeneous coords — NO perspective divide, NO
    /// frustum side-plane clamp. The screen bound is applied later by <see cref="ClipToRegion"/>
    /// against the view region (the root region is the full screen), exactly as retail clips the portal
    /// against the accumulated portal_view rather than fixed side planes.
    ///
    /// <para>The W=0 clip is exact on purpose (the knife-edge port, 2026-06-11; pseudocode at
    /// docs/research/2026-06-11-polyclipfinish-w0-clip-pseudocode.md): boundary intersections land
    /// at w == 0 — homogeneous DIRECTIONS — so a portal the eye is crossing (stair openings, decks)
    /// yields the correct UNBOUNDED half-region, which the bounded view-region clip then cuts to the
    /// screen. The previous EyePlaneW = 1e-4 produced finite ~1e4-NDC boundary verts whose region
    /// intersections sat at the dedup/merge degeneracy threshold — the climb-strobe class. A w=0
    /// vertex can never survive ClipToRegion into its divide (a nonzero direction fails at least one
    /// edge test of any BOUNDED convex region), so no divide-by-zero path exists; the measure-zero
    /// corner case is guarded in ClipToRegion. Matches polyClipFinish part 1: clip pass runs only
    /// when some vertex has w &lt; 0; &lt;3 survivors → reject (empty).</para></summary>
    public static Vector4[] ProjectToClip(IReadOnlyList<Vector3> localPoly, Matrix4x4 cellToWorld, Matrix4x4 viewProj)
    {
        using ClipPolygonLease lease = ProjectToClipLease(localPoly, cellToWorld, viewProj);
        return lease.Count < 3 ? System.Array.Empty<Vector4>() : lease.Span.ToArray();
    }

    internal static ClipPolygonLease ProjectToClipLease(
        IReadOnlyList<Vector3> localPoly,
        Matrix4x4 cellToWorld,
        Matrix4x4 viewProj)
        => ProjectToClipLease(
            localPoly,
            cellToWorld,
            viewProj,
            ArrayPool<Vector4>.Shared);

    internal static ClipPolygonLease ProjectToClipLease(
        IReadOnlyList<Vector3> localPoly,
        Matrix4x4 cellToWorld,
        Matrix4x4 viewProj,
        ArrayPool<Vector4> vectorPool)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(vectorPool);
        if (localPoly == null || localPoly.Count < 3)
            return new ClipPolygonLease(null, null, null, null, 0);

        Matrix4x4 m = cellToWorld * viewProj;
        Vector4[] transformed = vectorPool.Rent(localPoly.Count);
        Vector4[]? clipped = null;
        bool success = false;
        try
        {
            clipped = vectorPool.Rent(checked(localPoly.Count + 1));
            bool anyBehind = false;
            for (int i = 0; i < localPoly.Count; i++)
            {
                Vector4 vertex = Vector4.Transform(new Vector4(localPoly[i], 1f), m);
                if (vertex.W < 0f) anyBehind = true;
                transformed[i] = vertex;
            }

            // polyClipFinish part 1 (0x006b6d5d): the W pass runs only when some vertex sits behind
            // the eye plane (w < 0); an all-in-front polygon passes through untouched (and an
            // all-behind one clips to empty inside the pass).
            ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> result = transformed.AsSpan(0, localPoly.Count);
            if (anyBehind)
            {
                int count = ClipHomogeneousPlane(result, clipped, HomogeneousPlane.EyeZero);
                if (count < 3)
                {
                    success = true;
                    return new ClipPolygonLease(
                        vectorPool,
                        transformed,
                        clipped,
                        null,
                        0);
                }
                result = clipped.AsSpan(0, count);
            }

            Vector4[] resultArray = anyBehind ? clipped : transformed;
            success = true;
            return new ClipPolygonLease(
                vectorPool,
                transformed,
                clipped,
                resultArray,
                result.Length);
        }
        finally
        {
            if (!success)
            {
                vectorPool.Return(transformed);
                if (clipped is not null)
                    vectorPool.Return(clipped);
            }
        }
    }

    /// <summary>Clip a homogeneous (clip-space) portal polygon against an NDC view region
    /// (CCW convex) with w-aware Sutherland-Hodgman edge tests, then divide the survivors to NDC and
    /// normalize to CCW. Ports retail ACRender::polyClipFinish's view-region clip (decomp 702749): the
    /// edge test multiplies through w (which is &gt; 0 after the eye-plane clip) so it never divides a
    /// near-eye vertex, and the final divide runs only on survivors already bounded to the region —
    /// stable by construction. Returns &lt;3 verts when the portal does not intersect the region.</summary>
    public static Vector2[] ClipToRegion(IReadOnlyList<Vector4> subjectClip, IReadOnlyList<Vector2> regionCcwNdc)
    {
        if (subjectClip == null || regionCcwNdc == null || subjectClip.Count < 3 || regionCcwNdc.Count < 3)
            return System.Array.Empty<Vector2>();

        if (subjectClip is Vector4[] array)
            return ClipToRegion(array.AsSpan(), regionCcwNdc);

        Vector4[] rented = ArrayPool<Vector4>.Shared.Rent(subjectClip.Count);
        try
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < subjectClip.Count; i++)
                rented[i] = subjectClip[i];
            return ClipToRegion(rented.AsSpan(0, subjectClip.Count), regionCcwNdc);
        }
        finally
        {
            ArrayPool<Vector4>.Shared.Return(rented);
        }
    }

    internal static Vector2[] ClipToRegion(
        ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> subjectClip,
        IReadOnlyList<Vector2> regionCcwNdc)
        => ClipToRegionCore(subjectClip, regionCcwNdc, vertexStore: null);

    internal static Vector2[] ClipToRegion(
        ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> subjectClip,
        IReadOnlyList<Vector2> regionCcwNdc,
        PortalPolygonVertexStore vertexStore)
        => ClipToRegionCore(
            subjectClip,
            regionCcwNdc,
            vertexStore,
            ArrayPool<Vector4>.Shared,
            ArrayPool<Vector2>.Shared);

    internal static Vector2[] ClipToRegion(
        ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> subjectClip,
        IReadOnlyList<Vector2> regionCcwNdc,
        PortalPolygonVertexStore vertexStore,
        ArrayPool<Vector4> vector4Pool)
        => ClipToRegionCore(
            subjectClip,
            regionCcwNdc,
            vertexStore,
            vector4Pool,
            ArrayPool<Vector2>.Shared);

    private static Vector2[] ClipToRegionCore(
        ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> subjectClip,
        IReadOnlyList<Vector2> regionCcwNdc,
        PortalPolygonVertexStore? vertexStore,
        ArrayPool<Vector4>? vector4Pool = null,
        ArrayPool<Vector2>? vector2Pool = null)
    {
        if (subjectClip.Length < 3 || regionCcwNdc == null || regionCcwNdc.Count < 3)
            return System.Array.Empty<Vector2>();
        vector4Pool ??= ArrayPool<Vector4>.Shared;
        vector2Pool ??= ArrayPool<Vector2>.Shared;

        // Homogeneous Sutherland-Hodgman: clip the (w > 0) subject against each CCW edge of the NDC
        // region. f(P) below is the NDC inside test cross(edge, P_ndc - a) multiplied through P.W,
        // which is > 0 after the eye-plane clip — so the sign is the NDC sign yet no near-eye vertex
        // is ever divided (retail polyClipFinish, decomp 702749).
        int regionCount = regionCcwNdc.Count;
        int capacity = checked(subjectClip.Length + regionCount);
        Vector4[] first = vector4Pool.Rent(capacity);
        Vector4[]? second = null;
        Vector2[]? ndcScratch = null;

        try
        {
            second = vector4Pool.Rent(capacity);
            int currentCount = subjectClip.Length;
            subjectClip.CopyTo(first);

            Vector4[] current = first;
            Vector4[] output = second;
            for (int edge = 0; edge < regionCount; edge++)
            {
                if (currentCount < 3)
                    return System.Array.Empty<Vector2>();
                int outputCount = ClipHomogeneousEdge(
                    current.AsSpan(0, currentCount),
                    output,
                    regionCcwNdc[edge],
                    regionCcwNdc[(edge + 1) % regionCount]);
                (current, output) = (output, current);
                currentCount = outputCount;
            }
            if (currentCount < 3)
                return System.Array.Empty<Vector2>();

            // Divide survivors → NDC. They are already inside the bounded region. A w=0
            // measure-zero corner remains the same empty knife-edge result as the prior path.
            ndcScratch = vector2Pool.Rent(currentCount);
            Span<Vector2> ndc = ndcScratch.AsSpan(0, currentCount);
            for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++)
            {
                float w = current[i].W;
                var vertex = new Vector2(current[i].X / w, current[i].Y / w);
                if (!float.IsFinite(vertex.X) || !float.IsFinite(vertex.Y))
                    return System.Array.Empty<Vector2>();
                ndc[i] = vertex;
            }

            // T2 (BR-4): retail's post-divide ~1-pixel vertex merge. Compact in place; only a
            // genuinely shortened result needs a second exactly-sized output array.
            int mergedCount = MergeSubPixelVertices(ndc);
            if (mergedCount < 3)
                return System.Array.Empty<Vector2>();
            Vector2[] merged = vertexStore?.Rent(mergedCount)
                ?? GC.AllocateUninitializedArray<Vector2>(mergedCount);
            ndc[..mergedCount].CopyTo(merged);

            EnsureCcw(merged);
            return merged;
        }
        finally
        {
            vector4Pool.Return(first);
            if (second is not null)
                vector4Pool.Return(second);
            if (ndcScratch is not null)
                vector2Pool.Return(ndcScratch);
        }
    }

    // Retail copy_view's ~1-pixel vertex merge (see ClipToRegion). Collapses
    // runs of consecutive near-identical vertices, including across the
    // wrap-around. A polygon that collapses below 3 distinct vertices is
    // degenerate (sub-pixel sliver) and returns empty — exactly retail's
    // "<3 surviving verts → output count 0".
    private const float VertexMergeEpsilonNdc = 2f / 1080f;

    private static int MergeSubPixelVertices(Span<Vector2> poly)
    {
        if (poly.Length < 3) return poly.Length;
        int kept = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < poly.Length; i++)
        {
            Vector2 vertex = poly[i];
            if (kept > 0)
            {
                Vector2 previous = poly[kept - 1];
                if (MathF.Abs(vertex.X - previous.X) <= VertexMergeEpsilonNdc
                    && MathF.Abs(vertex.Y - previous.Y) <= VertexMergeEpsilonNdc)
                    continue;
            }
            poly[kept++] = vertex;
        }
        // Wrap-around: last ≈ first.
        while (kept >= 2)
        {
            Vector2 first = poly[0];
            Vector2 last = poly[kept - 1];
            if (MathF.Abs(first.X - last.X) <= VertexMergeEpsilonNdc
                && MathF.Abs(first.Y - last.Y) <= VertexMergeEpsilonNdc)
                kept--;
            else
                break;
        }
        return kept;
    }

    // One Sutherland-Hodgman half-plane against the directed NDC edge a→b, keeping the CCW-inside
    // (left) part of a HOMOGENEOUS polygon. Inside test for vertex P (clip space): the NDC cross
    // product cross(b-a, P/P.W - a) scaled by P.W (> 0): ex·(P.Y - P.W·a.Y) - ey·(P.X - P.W·a.X) ≥ 0.
    // Crossings interpolate in homogeneous coords (perspective-correct), via the shared Lerp.
    private static int ClipHomogeneousEdge(
        ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> polygon,
        Span<Vector4> result,
        Vector2 a,
        Vector2 b)
    {
        int outputCount = 0;
        float ex = b.X - a.X, ey = b.Y - a.Y;
        for (int i = 0; i < polygon.Length; i++)
        {
            Vector4 cur = polygon[i];
            Vector4 prev = polygon[(i + polygon.Length - 1) % polygon.Length];
            float dCur = ex * (cur.Y - cur.W * a.Y) - ey * (cur.X - cur.W * a.X);
            float dPrev = ex * (prev.Y - prev.W * a.Y) - ey * (prev.X - prev.W * a.X);
            bool curIn = dCur >= 0f;
            bool prevIn = dPrev >= 0f;

            if (curIn)
            {
                if (!prevIn) result[outputCount++] = Lerp(prev, cur, dPrev, dCur);
                result[outputCount++] = cur;
            }
            else if (prevIn)
            {
                result[outputCount++] = Lerp(prev, cur, dPrev, dCur);
            }
        }
        return outputCount;
    }

    // Reverse vertex order in place if wound clockwise (signed area < 0). Mirrors the builder's
    // EnsureCcw so a clipped region is always CCW for the next hop's ClipToRegion edge test.
    private static void EnsureCcw(Vector2[] poly)
    {
        float area2 = 0f;
        for (int i = 0; i < poly.Length; i++)
        {
            var p = poly[i]; var q = poly[(i + 1) % poly.Length];
            area2 += p.X * q.Y - q.X * p.Y;
        }
        if (area2 < 0f) System.Array.Reverse(poly);
    }

    // Minimum clip-space w (≈ metres in front of the eye) to keep a vertex. Excludes the eye
    // (w=0) singularity and the ~5 cm right at it (bounding the perspective divide), but is
    // INTENTIONALLY far closer than the projection's 1.0 m near plane so a doorway the camera is
    // standing in still projects and the cell behind it stays visible. See the file header.
    private const float MinW = 0.05f;

    // Sutherland-Hodgman against one half-space of the homogeneous view frustum, in CLIP SPACE.
    // The enum avoids per-plane delegate/lambda traffic in this per-portal hot path.
    private static int ClipHomogeneousPlane(
        ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> polygon,
        Span<Vector4> result,
        HomogeneousPlane plane)
    {
        int outputCount = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < polygon.Length; i++)
        {
            Vector4 cur = polygon[i];
            Vector4 prev = polygon[(i + polygon.Length - 1) % polygon.Length];
            float dCur = PlaneDistance(cur, plane);
            float dPrev = PlaneDistance(prev, plane);
            bool curIn = dCur >= 0f;
            bool prevIn = dPrev >= 0f;

            if (curIn)
            {
                if (!prevIn) result[outputCount++] = Lerp(prev, cur, dPrev, dCur);
                result[outputCount++] = cur;
            }
            else if (prevIn)
            {
                result[outputCount++] = Lerp(prev, cur, dPrev, dCur);
            }
        }
        return outputCount;
    }

    private static float PlaneDistance(in Vector4 vertex, HomogeneousPlane plane) => plane switch
    {
        HomogeneousPlane.EyeMinW => vertex.W - MinW,
        HomogeneousPlane.EyeZero => vertex.W,
        HomogeneousPlane.Left => vertex.W + vertex.X,
        HomogeneousPlane.Right => vertex.W - vertex.X,
        HomogeneousPlane.Bottom => vertex.W + vertex.Y,
        HomogeneousPlane.Top => vertex.W - vertex.Y,
        _ => throw new System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(plane)),
    };

    private enum HomogeneousPlane : byte
    {
        EyeMinW,
        EyeZero,
        Left,
        Right,
        Bottom,
        Top,
    }

    private static Vector4 Lerp(Vector4 p, Vector4 q, float dp, float dq)
    {
        float t = dp / (dp - dq);
        return p + t * (q - p);
    }
}