using System.Numerics;
using Silk.NET.Vulkan;

namespace AcDream.App.Rendering.Gpu.Vk;

/// <summary>
/// The half of <see cref="VulkanGpuDevice"/> that owns sampled resources,
/// pipelines and passes.
///
/// <para>Split into its own file because the three V6 commits divide along
/// exactly this line: V6a landed memory, buffers, rings and the frame timeline —
/// everything in <c>VulkanGpuDevice.cs</c> — V6b landed textures, samplers, the
/// descriptor table and render targets, and V6c completes it with pipelines from
/// committed SPIR-V, dynamic-rendering passes, timestamps and readback.</para>
/// </summary>
internal sealed unsafe partial class VulkanGpuDevice
{
    private VulkanPipelineLayouts.Created? _layouts;
    private VulkanTextureTable? _textureTable;
    private VulkanBackbufferAttachments? _backbufferAttachments;
    private VulkanGpuTexture? _defaultTexture;
    private VulkanPipelineCache? _pipelineCache;
    private VulkanGpuTimerPool? _timerPool;
    private VulkanGpuBuffer? _bindingDummy;
    private VulkanFrameBindings[] _frameBindings = [];

    private readonly Dictionary<GpuSamplerDescription, VulkanGpuSampler> _samplers = [];
    private readonly Dictionary<string, (ShaderModule Vertex, ShaderModule Fragment)> _shaderModules = [];
    private string _shaderSpirvDirectory = string.Empty;
    private float _maxSamplerAnisotropy = 1f;

    private VulkanGpuPassEncoder? _openPass;
    private bool _openPassIsBackbuffer;

    private void InitialiseResources(string? shaderSpirvDirectory, string? pipelineCacheDirectory)
    {
        _shaderSpirvDirectory = shaderSpirvDirectory ?? string.Empty;

        _vk.GetPhysicalDeviceProperties(_physicalDevice, out PhysicalDeviceProperties properties);
        _maxSamplerAnisotropy = properties.Limits.MaxSamplerAnisotropy;

        _layouts = VulkanPipelineLayouts.Create(_vk, _device);
        _pipelineCache = new VulkanPipelineCache(_vk, _physicalDevice, _device, pipelineCacheDirectory);
        _timerPool = new VulkanGpuTimerPool(
            _vk,
            _physicalDevice,
            _device,
            _flights.SlotCount,
            Capabilities.SupportsTimestampQueries);
        _textureTable = new VulkanTextureTable(
            _vk,
            _device,
            _layouts.TextureTable,
            Math.Min(GpuBindingModel.TextureTableCapacity, Capabilities.MaxTextureTableSlots));
        _backbufferAttachments = new VulkanBackbufferAttachments(
            _vk,
            _device,
            _allocator,
            _debugNames,
            DepthStencilFormat);

        // The default slot is registered first so it is slot 0 and so the table
        // has something defined to scrub evicted slots with. GpuTextureSlot
        // documents Unassigned as a loud sentinel precisely so nothing silently
        // resolves to slot 0 — this texture exists for the renderers that
        // legitimately need a fallback and ask for it by name.
        _defaultTexture = new VulkanGpuTexture(
            _vk,
            _device,
            _allocator,
            _uploads,
            _flights,
            _debugNames,
            new GpuTextureDescription(
                "vk-default-white",
                GpuTextureKind.Texture2DArray,
                GpuTextureFormat.Rgba8Unorm,
                Width: 1,
                Height: 1,
                LayerCount: 1,
                MipLevelCount: 1));
        _defaultTexture.Upload(0, 0, [255, 255, 255, 255]);

        var defaultSampler = (VulkanGpuSampler)CreateSampler(GpuSamplerDescription.UiNearest);
        _textureTable.SetScrubTarget(_defaultTexture.View, defaultSampler.Handle);
        DefaultTextureSlot = _textureTable.Register(_defaultTexture.View, defaultSampler.Handle);

        // One dummy range every unused binding points at, so there is a single
        // descriptor set layout rather than a permutation per renderer.
        _bindingDummy = new VulkanGpuBuffer(
            _vk,
            _device,
            _allocator,
            _uploads,
            _flights,
            _debugNames,
            new GpuBufferDescription(
                "vk-binding-dummy",
                65536,
                GpuBufferUsage.Storage | GpuBufferUsage.Uniform,
                GpuMemoryResidency.HostWritable));

        _frameBindings = new VulkanFrameBindings[_flights.SlotCount];
        for (int slot = 0; slot < _flights.SlotCount; slot++)
        {
            _frameBindings[slot] = new VulkanFrameBindings(
                _vk,
                _device,
                _layouts,
                _ringBuffers[slot],
                _bindingDummy);
        }
    }

    private void BeginFrameResources(int slotIndex) => _timerPool?.BeginSlot(slotIndex);

    /// <summary>Slice V6i: the descriptor-set arena for one flight slot.</summary>
    private VulkanFrameBindings FrameBindingsAt(int slotIndex) => _frameBindings[slotIndex];

    private void EndFrameResources(int slotIndex, CommandBuffer commands)
    {
        _ = slotIndex;
        _ = commands;
        if (_openPass is not null)
        {
            throw new InvalidOperationException(
                "A pass is still open at frame end. Dispose the encoder before ending the frame — " +
                "a dynamic-rendering block left open makes the whole command buffer invalid.");
        }
    }

    private void DisposeResources()
    {
        foreach (VulkanFrameBindings bindings in _frameBindings)
            bindings.Dispose();
        _frameBindings = [];

        foreach ((ShaderModule vertex, ShaderModule fragment) in _shaderModules.Values)
        {
            if (vertex.Handle != 0)
                _vk.DestroyShaderModule(_device, vertex, null);
            if (fragment.Handle != 0)
                _vk.DestroyShaderModule(_device, fragment, null);
        }

        _shaderModules.Clear();

        foreach (VulkanGpuSampler sampler in _samplers.Values)
            sampler.Dispose();
        _samplers.Clear();

        _bindingDummy?.Dispose();
        _bindingDummy = null;
        _captureBuffer?.Dispose();
        _captureBuffer = null;
        _defaultTexture?.Dispose();
        _defaultTexture = null;

        _flights.DrainAll();

        _timerPool?.Dispose();
        _timerPool = null;
        _pipelineCache?.Dispose();
        _pipelineCache = null;
        _backbufferAttachments?.Dispose();
        _backbufferAttachments = null;
        _textureTable?.Dispose();
        _textureTable = null;
        _layouts?.Destroy(_vk, _device);
        _layouts = null;
    }

    /// <summary>The three shared descriptor set layouts and the one pipeline layout.</summary>
    internal VulkanPipelineLayouts.Created Layouts =>
        _layouts ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("The device's pipeline layouts have not been created.");

    /// <summary>The global sampled-texture table (plan §4.4).</summary>
    internal VulkanTextureTable TextureTable =>
        _textureTable ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("The device's texture table has not been created.");

    /// <summary>MSAA colour scratch and transient depth for the backbuffer pass.</summary>
    internal VulkanBackbufferAttachments BackbufferAttachments =>
        _backbufferAttachments ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("The backbuffer attachments have not been created.");

    internal VulkanGpuTimerPool TimerPool =>
        _timerPool ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("The device's timer pool has not been created.");

    /// <summary>True when a compatible pipeline cache blob was reused from disk.</summary>
    internal bool PipelineCacheLoadedFromDisk => _pipelineCache?.LoadedFromDisk ?? false;

    public GpuTextureSlot DefaultTextureSlot { get; private set; } = GpuTextureSlot.Unassigned;

    public IGpuTimerPool Timers => TimerPool;

    /// <summary>
    /// Matches the backbuffer pass's attachments to the swapchain's current
    /// extent and the requested sample count. Called by the host after a
    /// swapchain create or recreate, behind a device-idle wait.
    /// </summary>
    internal void ConfigureBackbufferAttachments(uint width, uint height, Format colorFormat, int sampleCount)
    {
        BackbufferAttachments.Configure(width, height, colorFormat, sampleCount);
        ConfigureBackbufferCapture(width, height);
    }

    public IGpuTexture CreateTexture(in GpuTextureDescription description)
    {
        ThrowIfDisposed();
        return new VulkanGpuTexture(
            _vk,
            _device,
            _allocator,
            _uploads,
            _flights,
            _debugNames,
            description,
            sampleCount: 1,
            renderTarget: VulkanTextureFormatMapping.IsRenderTarget(description.Format));
    }

    public IGpuSampler CreateSampler(in GpuSamplerDescription description)
    {
        ThrowIfDisposed();
        if (_samplers.TryGetValue(description, out VulkanGpuSampler? existing))
            return existing;

        var created = new VulkanGpuSampler(
            _vk,
            _device,
            _flights,
            _debugNames,
            description,
            _maxSamplerAnisotropy);
        _samplers.Add(description, created);
        return created;
    }

    public IGpuRenderTarget CreateRenderTarget(in GpuRenderTargetDescription description)
    {
        ThrowIfDisposed();
        return new VulkanGpuRenderTarget(
            _vk,
            _device,
            _allocator,
            _uploads,
            _flights,
            _debugNames,
            description,
            DepthStencilFormat);
    }

    public GpuTextureSlot RegisterTexture(IGpuTexture texture, IGpuSampler sampler)
    {
        ThrowIfDisposed();
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(texture);
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(sampler);
        if (texture is not VulkanGpuTexture vulkanTexture)
            throw new ArgumentException("The Vulkan backend can only register a Vulkan texture.", nameof(texture));
        if (sampler is not VulkanGpuSampler vulkanSampler)
            throw new ArgumentException("The Vulkan backend can only register a Vulkan sampler.", nameof(sampler));

        // Campaign V slice V6k made this a loud refusal, and V6l is the slice
        // that serves it. A render-target image is viewed as
        // VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D because that is what an ATTACHMENT needs, while
        // the table's descriptor array is declared sampler2DArray — so the
        // attachment view is invalid usage here rather than a mismatch that
        // samples oddly (plan §5.5.7). VulkanGpuTexture now creates a SECOND,
        // layered view over the same image for exactly this, and every texture
        // that is not an attachment has always had one; SampledView is that view
        // in both cases, so the question disappears rather than being answered.
        return TextureTable.Register(vulkanTexture.SampledView, vulkanSampler.Handle);
    }

    public void ReleaseTextureSlot(GpuTextureSlot slot)
    {
        ThrowIfDisposed();
        if (!slot.IsAssigned)
            throw new ArgumentException("Cannot release an unassigned texture slot.", nameof(slot));

        // Deferred, and scrubbed to the default texture on the way out: a
        // submitted-but-unretired frame may still sample this slot, so reusing
        // it now would alias a live draw onto whatever texture claims it next.
        VulkanTextureTable table = TextureTable;
        _flights.Retire(() => table.ReleaseNow(slot));
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Builds a pipeline from the committed SPIR-V for
    /// <see cref="GpuShaderSet.Name"/>. There is no runtime GLSL compilation and
    /// no lazy build: plan §4.5 has every pipeline created at startup, so no
    /// frame ever pays a shader compile or a driver state revalidation.
    /// </summary>
    public IGpuPipeline CreatePipeline(GpuPipelineDescription description)
    {
        ThrowIfDisposed();
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(description);

        (ShaderModule vertex, ShaderModule fragment) = LoadShaderModules(description.Shaders.Name);
        // Slice V6d: the pipeline names the format it renders into, rather than
        // every pipeline being hard-coded to one. Rgba8UnormRenderTarget — the
        // default — still maps to the swapchain's format; see
        // VulkanTextureFormatMapping.CanonicalColorAttachmentFormat for why the
        // offscreen targets adopt the swapchain's format rather than the other
        // way round.
        Format colorFormat = VulkanTextureFormatMapping.FormatOf(description.ColorFormat);
        return new VulkanGpuPipeline(
            _vk,
            _device,
            _flights,
            _debugNames,
            Layouts.PipelineLayout,
            _pipelineCache?.Handle ?? default,
            vertex,
            fragment,
            description,
            colorFormat,
            DepthStencilFormat);
    }

    private (ShaderModule Vertex, ShaderModule Fragment) LoadShaderModules(string name)
    {
        if (_shaderModules.TryGetValue(name, out (ShaderModule Vertex, ShaderModule Fragment) existing))
            return existing;

        ShaderModule vertex = CreateShaderModule(name, "vert");
        ShaderModule fragment = CreateShaderModule(name, "frag");
        _shaderModules[name] = (vertex, fragment);
        return (vertex, fragment);
    }

    private ShaderModule CreateShaderModule(string name, string stage)
    {
        string path = Path.Combine(_shaderSpirvDirectory, $"{name}.{stage}.spv");
        if (!File.Exists(path))
        {
            throw new FileNotFoundException(
                $"No committed SPIR-V for '{name}.{stage}'. Run tools/compile-shaders.ps1; if that " +
                "reports the shader as not yet Vulkan-expressible, its renderer-port slice has not " +
                "landed and no Vulkan pipeline can be built from it.",
                path);
        }

        byte[] code = File.ReadAllBytes(path);
        if (code.Length % 4 != 0)
            throw new InvalidDataException($"'{path}' is {code.Length} bytes, which is not a whole number of SPIR-V words.");

        fixed (byte* first = code)
        {
            var create = new ShaderModuleCreateInfo
            {
                SType = StructureType.ShaderModuleCreateInfo,
                CodeSize = (nuint)code.Length,
                PCode = (uint*)first,
            };
            VulkanInterop.Check(
                _vk.CreateShaderModule(_device, &create, null, out ShaderModule module),
                $"vkCreateShaderModule ('{name}.{stage}')");
            return module;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Applies the pipeline's default dynamic state. Called right after a bind
    /// so the pipeline's declared cull/front-face/depth-write are in effect
    /// unless a renderer overrides them, which is what makes those fields on
    /// <see cref="GpuPipelineDescription"/> mean what they say even though the
    /// state itself is dynamic.
    /// </summary>
    internal void CmdBindPipelineDefaults(CommandBuffer commands, GpuPipelineDescription description)
    {
        _vk.CmdSetCullMode(commands, VulkanViewportMapping.ToVulkan(description.Cull));
        _vk.CmdSetFrontFace(commands, VulkanViewportMapping.ToVulkan(description.FrontFace));
        _vk.CmdSetDepthWriteEnable(commands, description.Depth.Write);
        // Slice V6l: a stencil pipeline declares four dynamic stencil states, and
        // a declared dynamic state must be set before any draw uses it. Setting
        // the pipeline's own declared default here is both what makes the draw
        // legal without a renderer call and the exact mirror of the three lines
        // above — bind restores the pipeline's defaults, the encoder overrides.
        if (!description.StencilTest)
            return;

        GpuStencilState stencil = description.Stencil;
        const StencilFaceFlags BothFaces = StencilFaceFlags.FaceFrontAndBack;
        _vk.CmdSetStencilOp(
            commands,
            BothFaces,
            VulkanViewportMapping.ToVulkan(stencil.Fail),
            VulkanViewportMapping.ToVulkan(stencil.Pass),
            VulkanViewportMapping.ToVulkan(stencil.DepthFail),
            VulkanViewportMapping.ToVulkan(stencil.Compare));
        _vk.CmdSetStencilCompareMask(commands, BothFaces, stencil.CompareMask);
        _vk.CmdSetStencilWriteMask(commands, BothFaces, stencil.WriteMask);
        _vk.CmdSetStencilReference(commands, BothFaces, stencil.Reference);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Opens a dynamic-rendering block for <paramref name="description"/>.
    ///
    /// <para>Plan §5.4: a null colour target is the acquired swapchain image,
    /// literally — or the multisampled scratch that resolves into it. There is no
    /// ambient framebuffer for it to inherit, and this backend never pretends
    /// otherwise even while the GL backend still carries its transitional
    /// inheritance.</para>
    /// </summary>
    internal IGpuPassEncoder BeginPass(VulkanGpuFrame frame, GpuPassDescription description)
    {
        ThrowIfDisposed();
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(description);
        if (_openPass is not null)
            throw new InvalidOperationException("A pass is already open; dispose its encoder first.");

        CommandBuffer commands = _commandBuffers[frame.SlotIndex];

        // Transfers cannot be recorded inside a rendering block, and anything
        // queued so far may be read by this pass's draws. This is the analogue
        // of the GL backend's flush-immediately-before-every-draw discipline at
        // the granularity Vulkan actually permits.
        _uploads.Record(commands);

        _debugNames.BeginLabel(commands, description.Name);

        uint width;
        uint height;
        ImageView colorView;
        ImageView resolveView = default;
        ImageView depthView = default;
        bool backbuffer = description.Color.Target is null;

        if (backbuffer)
        {
            if (_backbuffer is null || _acquiredImageIndex is not { } imageIndex)
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException(
                    "A pass declared Target: null, which the Vulkan backend honours literally as the " +
                    "swapchain image, but this device has no backbuffer or none was acquired for this frame.");
            }

            VulkanBackbufferAttachments attachments = BackbufferAttachments;
            width = _backbuffer.Width;
            height = _backbuffer.Height;
            TransitionBackbufferForRendering(commands, _backbuffer.ImageAt(imageIndex));

            if (attachments.HasMultisampledColor && description.SampleCount > 1)
            {
                colorView = attachments.ColorView;
                resolveView = _backbuffer.ViewAt(imageIndex);
                TransitionBackbufferScratchColor(commands, attachments);
            }
            else
            {
                colorView = _backbuffer.ViewAt(imageIndex);
            }

            if (description.Depth is not null && attachments.HasDepth)
            {
                depthView = attachments.DepthView;
                TransitionBackbufferDepth(commands, attachments);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            if (description.Color.Target is not VulkanGpuRenderTarget target)
                throw new ArgumentException("The Vulkan backend can only render into a Vulkan render target.");
            width = (uint)target.Description.Width;
            height = (uint)target.Description.Height;
            colorView = target.Color.View;
            TransitionRenderTargetForRendering(commands, target);
            if (description.Depth is not null && target.Depth is { } depth)
                depthView = depth.View;
        }

        Vector4 clear = description.Color.ClearColor;
        var colorAttachment = new RenderingAttachmentInfo
        {
            SType = StructureType.RenderingAttachmentInfo,
            ImageView = colorView,
            ImageLayout = ImageLayout.ColorAttachmentOptimal,
            LoadOp = VulkanViewportMapping.ToVulkan(description.Color.Load),
            StoreOp = description.Color.Store == GpuStoreOp.Resolve
                ? AttachmentStoreOp.DontCare
                : VulkanViewportMapping.ToVulkan(description.Color.Store),
            ClearValue = new ClearValue
            {
                Color = new ClearColorValue
                {
                    Float32_0 = clear.X,
                    Float32_1 = clear.Y,
                    Float32_2 = clear.Z,
                    Float32_3 = clear.W,
                },
            },
        };
        if (resolveView.Handle != 0)
        {
            colorAttachment.ResolveMode = ResolveModeFlags.AverageBit;
            colorAttachment.ResolveImageView = resolveView;
            colorAttachment.ResolveImageLayout = ImageLayout.ColorAttachmentOptimal;
        }

        RenderingAttachmentInfo depthAttachment = default;
        if (description.Depth is { } depthDescription && depthView.Handle != 0)
        {
            depthAttachment = new RenderingAttachmentInfo
            {
                SType = StructureType.RenderingAttachmentInfo,
                ImageView = depthView,
                ImageLayout = ImageLayout.DepthStencilAttachmentOptimal,
                LoadOp = VulkanViewportMapping.ToVulkan(depthDescription.Load),
                StoreOp = VulkanViewportMapping.ToVulkan(depthDescription.Store),
                ClearValue = new ClearValue
                {
                    DepthStencil = new ClearDepthStencilValue(
                        depthDescription.ClearDepth,
                        depthDescription.ClearStencil),
                },
            };
        }

        var rendering = new RenderingInfo
        {
            SType = StructureType.RenderingInfo,
            RenderArea = new Rect2D(new Offset2D(0, 0), new Extent2D(width, height)),
            LayerCount = 1,
            ColorAttachmentCount = 1,
            PColorAttachments = &colorAttachment,
            PDepthAttachment = depthAttachment.SType == StructureType.RenderingAttachmentInfo
                ? &depthAttachment
                : null,
            PStencilAttachment = depthAttachment.SType == StructureType.RenderingAttachmentInfo
                ? &depthAttachment
                : null,
        };
        _vk.CmdBeginRendering(commands, &rendering);

        _openPassIsBackbuffer = backbuffer;
        var encoder = new VulkanGpuPassEncoder(
            this,
            frame,
            commands,
            _frameBindings[frame.SlotIndex],
            description,
            width,
            height,
            hasDepthAttachment: depthView.Handle != 0);
        _openPass = encoder;
        return encoder;
    }

    internal void EndPass(VulkanGpuPassEncoder encoder)
    {
        if (!ReferenceEquals(_openPass, encoder))
            return;

        CommandBuffer commands = CurrentCommands;
        _vk.CmdEndRendering(commands);
        _debugNames.EndLabel(commands);

        if (!_openPassIsBackbuffer && encoder.Pass.Color.Target is VulkanGpuRenderTarget target)
            TransitionRenderTargetForSampling(commands, target);

        _openPass = null;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Prepares the acquired swapchain image for a backbuffer pass.
    ///
    /// <para>The FIRST pass of a frame acquires it: undefined contents, no prior
    /// access to wait on, layout moved to colour-attachment.</para>
    ///
    /// <para>Every pass AFTER that needs a dependency instead, and slice V6d is
    /// where that started to matter. Vulkan's rasterization-order guarantees are
    /// scoped to one render-pass instance; between two instances writing the same
    /// attachment there is no implicit ordering at all, so the second one's draws
    /// can land before or interleaved with the first one's colour writes — and
    /// with the first one's multisample RESOLVE, which is part of the render pass
    /// and therefore also unordered against what follows. V6c's frame had exactly
    /// one backbuffer pass and could not see this. V6d's has three (world scene,
    /// debug lines, retained UI), and the symptom was unmistakable once looked
    /// at: whole runs of the debug-line figure missing where the earlier pass's
    /// resolve had overwritten them, while the last pass's output survived
    /// intact.
    /// </para>
    /// </summary>
    private void TransitionBackbufferForRendering(CommandBuffer commands, Image image)
    {
        bool first = !_backbufferRenderingReady;
        _backbufferRenderingReady = true;

        var barrier = new ImageMemoryBarrier2
        {
            SType = StructureType.ImageMemoryBarrier2,
            SrcStageMask = first
                ? PipelineStageFlags2.TopOfPipeBit
                : PipelineStageFlags2.ColorAttachmentOutputBit,
            SrcAccessMask = first
                ? AccessFlags2.None
                : AccessFlags2.ColorAttachmentWriteBit,
            DstStageMask = PipelineStageFlags2.ColorAttachmentOutputBit,
            DstAccessMask = first
                ? AccessFlags2.ColorAttachmentWriteBit
                : AccessFlags2.ColorAttachmentWriteBit | AccessFlags2.ColorAttachmentReadBit,
            // Undefined for the acquire — the contents are genuinely undefined
            // and saying so lets the driver skip a decompress. A later pass in
            // the same frame must NOT say Undefined: that would license
            // discarding everything drawn so far.
            OldLayout = first ? ImageLayout.Undefined : ImageLayout.ColorAttachmentOptimal,
            NewLayout = ImageLayout.ColorAttachmentOptimal,
            SrcQueueFamilyIndex = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Vk.QueueFamilyIgnored,
            DstQueueFamilyIndex = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Vk.QueueFamilyIgnored,
            Image = image,
            SubresourceRange = new ImageSubresourceRange
            {
                AspectMask = ImageAspectFlags.ColorBit,
                BaseMipLevel = 0,
                LevelCount = 1,
                BaseArrayLayer = 0,
                LayerCount = 1,
            },
        };
        var dependency = new DependencyInfo
        {
            SType = StructureType.DependencyInfo,
            ImageMemoryBarrierCount = 1,
            PImageMemoryBarriers = &barrier,
        };
        _vk.CmdPipelineBarrier2(commands, &dependency);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Campaign V slice V6g: moves the multisampled colour scratch into
    /// <c>COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL</c> before the pass that names it there.
    ///
    /// <para>The first use after (re)creation starts from UNDEFINED — the image
    /// genuinely has no contents, and saying so lets the driver skip a
    /// decompress. Every later use starts from the layout the previous pass left
    /// and needs the barrier for its write-after-write dependency instead: two
    /// passes in one frame both write this image, and so does the next frame,
    /// with no implicit ordering between render-pass instances.</para>
    /// </summary>
    private void TransitionBackbufferScratchColor(
        CommandBuffer commands,
        VulkanBackbufferAttachments attachments)
    {
        bool first = !attachments.ColorLayoutInitialized;
        attachments.MarkColorLayoutInitialized();
        TransitionImage(
            commands,
            attachments.ColorImage,
            ImageAspectFlags.ColorBit,
            first ? ImageLayout.Undefined : ImageLayout.ColorAttachmentOptimal,
            ImageLayout.ColorAttachmentOptimal,
            first ? PipelineStageFlags2.TopOfPipeBit : PipelineStageFlags2.ColorAttachmentOutputBit,
            first ? AccessFlags2.None : AccessFlags2.ColorAttachmentWriteBit,
            PipelineStageFlags2.ColorAttachmentOutputBit,
            AccessFlags2.ColorAttachmentWriteBit | AccessFlags2.ColorAttachmentReadBit);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// The same, for the transient depth/stencil buffer. Both aspects move
    /// together because the image carries both and the pass names it as both a
    /// depth and a stencil attachment.
    /// </summary>
    private void TransitionBackbufferDepth(
        CommandBuffer commands,
        VulkanBackbufferAttachments attachments)
    {
        bool first = !attachments.DepthLayoutInitialized;
        attachments.MarkDepthLayoutInitialized();
        const PipelineStageFlags2 DepthStages =
            PipelineStageFlags2.EarlyFragmentTestsBit | PipelineStageFlags2.LateFragmentTestsBit;
        TransitionImage(
            commands,
            attachments.DepthImage,
            ImageAspectFlags.DepthBit | ImageAspectFlags.StencilBit,
            first ? ImageLayout.Undefined : ImageLayout.DepthStencilAttachmentOptimal,
            ImageLayout.DepthStencilAttachmentOptimal,
            first ? PipelineStageFlags2.TopOfPipeBit : DepthStages,
            first ? AccessFlags2.None : AccessFlags2.DepthStencilAttachmentWriteBit,
            DepthStages,
            AccessFlags2.DepthStencilAttachmentWriteBit | AccessFlags2.DepthStencilAttachmentReadBit);
    }

    private void TransitionRenderTargetForRendering(CommandBuffer commands, VulkanGpuRenderTarget target)
    {
        TransitionImage(
            commands,
            target.Color.Image,
            ImageAspectFlags.ColorBit,
            target.Color.CurrentLayout,
            ImageLayout.ColorAttachmentOptimal,
            PipelineStageFlags2.AllCommandsBit,
            AccessFlags2.None,
            PipelineStageFlags2.ColorAttachmentOutputBit,
            AccessFlags2.ColorAttachmentWriteBit);
        target.Color.MarkLayout(ImageLayout.ColorAttachmentOptimal);

        if (target.Depth is { } depth)
        {
            TransitionImage(
                commands,
                depth.Image,
                ImageAspectFlags.DepthBit | ImageAspectFlags.StencilBit,
                depth.CurrentLayout,
                ImageLayout.DepthStencilAttachmentOptimal,
                PipelineStageFlags2.AllCommandsBit,
                AccessFlags2.None,
                PipelineStageFlags2.EarlyFragmentTestsBit,
                AccessFlags2.DepthStencilAttachmentWriteBit);
            depth.MarkLayout(ImageLayout.DepthStencilAttachmentOptimal);
        }
    }

    private void TransitionRenderTargetForSampling(CommandBuffer commands, VulkanGpuRenderTarget target)
    {
        TransitionImage(
            commands,
            target.Color.Image,
            ImageAspectFlags.ColorBit,
            ImageLayout.ColorAttachmentOptimal,
            ImageLayout.ShaderReadOnlyOptimal,
            PipelineStageFlags2.ColorAttachmentOutputBit,
            AccessFlags2.ColorAttachmentWriteBit,
            PipelineStageFlags2.FragmentShaderBit,
            AccessFlags2.ShaderReadBit);
        target.Color.MarkLayout(ImageLayout.ShaderReadOnlyOptimal);
    }

    private void TransitionImage(
        CommandBuffer commands,
        Image image,
        ImageAspectFlags aspect,
        ImageLayout oldLayout,
        ImageLayout newLayout,
        PipelineStageFlags2 sourceStage,
        AccessFlags2 sourceAccess,
        PipelineStageFlags2 destinationStage,
        AccessFlags2 destinationAccess)
    {
        var barrier = new ImageMemoryBarrier2
        {
            SType = StructureType.ImageMemoryBarrier2,
            SrcStageMask = sourceStage,
            SrcAccessMask = sourceAccess,
            DstStageMask = destinationStage,
            DstAccessMask = destinationAccess,
            OldLayout = oldLayout,
            NewLayout = newLayout,
            SrcQueueFamilyIndex = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Vk.QueueFamilyIgnored,
            DstQueueFamilyIndex = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Vk.QueueFamilyIgnored,
            Image = image,
            SubresourceRange = new ImageSubresourceRange
            {
                AspectMask = aspect,
                BaseMipLevel = 0,
                LevelCount = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Vk.RemainingMipLevels,
                BaseArrayLayer = 0,
                LayerCount = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Vk.RemainingArrayLayers,
            },
        };
        var dependency = new DependencyInfo
        {
            SType = StructureType.DependencyInfo,
            ImageMemoryBarrierCount = 1,
            PImageMemoryBarriers = &barrier,
        };
        _vk.CmdPipelineBarrier2(commands, &dependency);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Reads the last presented frame back as tightly packed top-left-origin
    /// RGBA8.
    ///
    /// <para>The swapchain is <c>B8G8R8A8_UNORM</c> (plan §4.9), so the channels
    /// are swizzled on the CPU to preserve <c>FrameScreenshotController</c>'s
    /// RGBA byte contract — the same seam every automated screenshot gate already
    /// uses, so the comparison tooling is unaffected by the backend swap.</para>
    ///
    /// <para><b>Campaign V slice V6g: it reads a device-owned copy, not the
    /// swapchain image.</b> V6c transitioned the LAST PRESENTED swapchain image
    /// to <c>TRANSFER_SRC</c> and copied out of it, which the validation layer
    /// rejects as <c>UNASSIGNED-non-acquired-swapchain-image-used</c>: once
    /// <c>vkQueuePresentKHR</c> has taken an image, the presentation engine owns
    /// it and its contents are not the application's to read. The pixels were
    /// usually right, which is precisely what makes it dangerous — this campaign
    /// spent three sections (§5.5.1–§5.5.3) discovering how much a capture
    /// instrument that is "usually right" can cost. So the frame copies its own
    /// output into a host-readable buffer while it still owns the image, and this
    /// method reads that.</para>
    ///
    /// <para>Retention is opt-in and off in production: it costs one full-res
    /// image-to-buffer copy per frame, which is worth nothing to a player and is
    /// the entire instrument to a gate.</para>
    /// </summary>
    public byte[] CaptureBackbuffer(int width, int height)
    {
        ThrowIfDisposed();
        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfNegativeOrZero(width);
        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfNegativeOrZero(height);
        if (_backbuffer is null)
            throw new InvalidOperationException("This device has no backbuffer to capture.");
        if (_captureBuffer is null)
        {
            throw new InvalidOperationException(
                "Backbuffer capture was not retained by this device. Construct it with " +
                "retainBackbufferCapture: true — reading the presented swapchain image " +
                "instead is a Vulkan usage error (see this method's remarks).");
        }
        if (width != _captureWidth || height != _captureHeight)
        {
            throw new ArgumentException(
                $"The retained capture is {_captureWidth}x{_captureHeight}; {width}x{height} was requested. " +
                "The capture buffer is sized with the swapchain, so a mismatch means the caller " +
                "and the backbuffer disagree about the frame that was just presented.");
        }

        // Everything that could still be writing the buffer is a submitted frame.
        VulkanInterop.Check(_vk.DeviceWaitIdle(_device), "vkDeviceWaitIdle (capture)");
        var pixels = new byte[(long)_captureWidth * _captureHeight * 4];
        _captureBuffer.Read(0, pixels);
        // ToRgba, NOT ToGlOriginRgba: IGpuDevice.CaptureBackbuffer is documented
        // as top-left-origin, and a Vulkan image already is.
        return VulkanBackbufferSwizzle.ToRgba(pixels, width, height, width * 4);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Records the acquired image's contents into the retained capture buffer,
    /// while the frame still owns the image. Returns the layout the image is
    /// left in, which the present barrier has to start from.
    /// </summary>
    internal ImageLayout RecordBackbufferCapture(CommandBuffer commands, Image image)
    {
        if (_captureBuffer is null || _backbuffer is null)
            return ImageLayout.ColorAttachmentOptimal;
        if (_captureWidth != _backbuffer.Width || _captureHeight != _backbuffer.Height)
            return ImageLayout.ColorAttachmentOptimal;

        TransitionImage(
            commands,
            image,
            ImageAspectFlags.ColorBit,
            ImageLayout.ColorAttachmentOptimal,
            ImageLayout.TransferSrcOptimal,
            PipelineStageFlags2.ColorAttachmentOutputBit,
            AccessFlags2.ColorAttachmentWriteBit,
            PipelineStageFlags2.CopyBit,
            AccessFlags2.TransferReadBit);

        var region = new BufferImageCopy
        {
            BufferOffset = 0,
            BufferRowLength = 0,
            BufferImageHeight = 0,
            ImageSubresource = new ImageSubresourceLayers
            {
                AspectMask = ImageAspectFlags.ColorBit,
                MipLevel = 0,
                BaseArrayLayer = 0,
                LayerCount = 1,
            },
            ImageOffset = new Offset3D(0, 0, 0),
            ImageExtent = new Extent3D(_captureWidth, _captureHeight, 1),
        };
        _vk.CmdCopyImageToBuffer(
            commands,
            image,
            ImageLayout.TransferSrcOptimal,
            _captureBuffer.Handle,
            1,
            &region);
        return ImageLayout.TransferSrcOptimal;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Sizes the retained capture buffer with the swapchain. Called from
    /// <see cref="ConfigureBackbufferAttachments"/>, which the host already
    /// drives behind a <c>vkDeviceWaitIdle</c> on resize.
    /// </summary>
    private void ConfigureBackbufferCapture(uint width, uint height)
    {
        if (!_retainBackbufferCapture)
            return;
        if (_captureBuffer is not null && _captureWidth == width && _captureHeight == height)
            return;

        _captureBuffer?.Dispose();
        _captureBuffer = null;
        _captureWidth = width;
        _captureHeight = height;
        if (width == 0 || height == 0)
            return;

        _captureBuffer = new VulkanGpuBuffer(
            _vk,
            _device,
            _allocator,
            _uploads,
            ImmediateGpuResourceRetirementQueue.Instance,
            _debugNames,
            new GpuBufferDescription(
                "vk-backbuffer-capture",
                width * height * 4,
                GpuBufferUsage.TransferDestination,
                GpuMemoryResidency.HostReadable));
    }

    private readonly bool _retainBackbufferCapture;
    private VulkanGpuBuffer? _captureBuffer;
    private uint _captureWidth;
    private uint _captureHeight;
    private bool _backbufferRenderingReady;
}