// PortalProjection.cs
//
// Phase A8.F: project a cell-local portal polygon to NDC screen space. Homogeneous frustum clip
// in CLIP SPACE (before the perspective divide): first the IN-FRONT-OF-EYE half-space (keep where
// w > MinW) so a portal straddling the camera does not invert under the divide and the divide
// stays bounded away from the w=0 eye singularity, then the 4 SIDE planes (x,y within ±w) so every
// surviving vertex lands on the screen [-1,1] by construction. The side-plane clip is the R1
// void-flap fix (2026-06-05) — see ProjectToNdc.
//
// The clip is NEAR-INDEPENDENT on purpose. We only use the projected x/y for the visibility clip
// REGION, so a vertex in front of the eye is meaningful even if it is closer than the projection's
// near plane. acdream's cameras build projection with Matrix4x4.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView (D3D
// convention, NDC z in [0,1]) and a 1.0 m near plane (RetailChaseCamera). The previous w+z>=0
// predicate was the GL ([-1,1]) near-plane test; against the D3D matrix it discarded everything
// within ~0.5 m of the eye, so a doorway the chase camera was ~0.1 m from got clipped to empty ->
// the cell behind it was culled -> the cottage doorway "void" (2026-06-03). Clipping at the eye
// (w > MinW) keeps a portal you're standing in (it covers the screen) so the cell behind stays
// visible. Retail PView::GetClip / ConstructView(CBldPortal) (decomp:432344 / 433832) near-clip the
// portal poly likewise before projecting.
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Numerics;

namespace AcDream.App.Rendering;

public static class PortalProjection
{
    /// <summary>Project a cell-local polygon to NDC, preserving the projected winding of
    /// the input (NOT normalized to CCW). The caller (PortalVisibilityBuilder) is responsible
    /// for feeding camera-facing portal polygons (via the portal-side test) so the result is
    /// CCW for the CCW-only <see cref="ScreenPolygonClip"/>. Returns fewer than 3 verts when
    /// the polygon is entirely behind the camera / degenerate.</summary>
    public static Vector2[] ProjectToNdc(IReadOnlyList<Vector3> localPoly, Matrix4x4 cellToWorld, Matrix4x4 viewProj)
    {
        if (localPoly == null || localPoly.Count < 3) return System.Array.Empty<Vector2>();

        Matrix4x4 m = cellToWorld * viewProj;

        // To clip space (keep w).
        var clip = new List<Vector4>(localPoly.Count);
        foreach (var lp in localPoly)
            clip.Add(Vector4.Transform(new Vector4(lp, 1f), m));

        // Homogeneous frustum clip in CLIP SPACE, before the perspective divide. First the
        // in-front-of-eye half-space (w > MinW) — near-INDEPENDENT, so a portal the camera is
        // standing in still projects (see header); then the 4 SIDE planes (x,y within ±w). The
        // side clip is the R1 void-flap fix (2026-06-05): without it, a portal WITHIN the near
        // plane projected small-w verts to wildly off-screen NDC (the probe saw (10.2,-67.4)),
        // which corrupted the downstream 2D ScreenPolygonClip into an EMPTY region -> OutsideView
        // empty -> terrain Skip -> the bluish doorway "void". Clipping the side planes here bounds
        // every surviving vertex to the screen [-1,1] by construction, so a screen-covering doorway
        // clips to the screen (non-empty) instead of collapsing. The eye plane is clipped FIRST so
        // all survivors have w > 0, making the side-plane functionals (w ± x, w ± y) well defined.
        // Near/far are intentionally NOT clipped (near-independence). Retail PView::GetClip
        // (decomp:0x005a4320) projects + frustum-clips the portal poly likewise (research doc A §3.5).
        clip = ClipPlane(clip, v => v.W - MinW);   // in front of eye (near-independent)
        if (clip.Count < 3) return System.Array.Empty<Vector2>();
        clip = ClipPlane(clip, v => v.W + v.X);    // left:   x/w >= -1  <=>  w + x >= 0
        clip = ClipPlane(clip, v => v.W - v.X);    // right:  x/w <=  1  <=>  w - x >= 0
        clip = ClipPlane(clip, v => v.W + v.Y);    // bottom: y/w >= -1  <=>  w + y >= 0
        clip = ClipPlane(clip, v => v.W - v.Y);    // top:    y/w <=  1  <=>  w - y >= 0
        if (clip.Count < 3) return System.Array.Empty<Vector2>();

        // Perspective divide → NDC xy.
        var ndc = new Vector2[clip.Count];
        for (int i = 0; i < clip.Count; i++)
        {
            float w = clip[i].W;
            ndc[i] = new Vector2(clip[i].X / w, clip[i].Y / w);
        }
        return ndc;
    }

    /// <summary>Faithful homogeneous projection (retail PrimD3DRender::xformStart + the W=0 clip of
    /// ACRender::polyClipFinish, decomp 424310 / 702749): transform the portal to clip space and clip
    /// ONLY the eye plane (w &gt;= 0, EXACT), keeping homogeneous coords — NO perspective divide, NO
    /// frustum side-plane clamp. The screen bound is applied later by <see cref="ClipToRegion"/>
    /// against the view region (the root region is the full screen), exactly as retail clips the portal
    /// against the accumulated portal_view rather than fixed side planes.
    ///
    /// <para>The W=0 clip is exact on purpose (the knife-edge port, 2026-06-11; pseudocode at
    /// docs/research/2026-06-11-polyclipfinish-w0-clip-pseudocode.md): boundary intersections land
    /// at w == 0 — homogeneous DIRECTIONS — so a portal the eye is crossing (stair openings, decks)
    /// yields the correct UNBOUNDED half-region, which the bounded view-region clip then cuts to the
    /// screen. The previous EyePlaneW = 1e-4 produced finite ~1e4-NDC boundary verts whose region
    /// intersections sat at the dedup/merge degeneracy threshold — the climb-strobe class. A w=0
    /// vertex can never survive ClipToRegion into its divide (a nonzero direction fails at least one
    /// edge test of any BOUNDED convex region), so no divide-by-zero path exists; the measure-zero
    /// corner case is guarded in ClipToRegion. Matches polyClipFinish part 1: clip pass runs only
    /// when some vertex has w &lt; 0; &lt;3 survivors → reject (empty).</para></summary>
    public static Vector4[] ProjectToClip(IReadOnlyList<Vector3> localPoly, Matrix4x4 cellToWorld, Matrix4x4 viewProj)
    {
        if (localPoly == null || localPoly.Count < 3) return System.Array.Empty<Vector4>();

        Matrix4x4 m = cellToWorld * viewProj;
        var clip = new List<Vector4>(localPoly.Count);
        bool anyBehind = false;
        foreach (var lp in localPoly)
        {
            var v = Vector4.Transform(new Vector4(lp, 1f), m);
            if (v.W < 0f) anyBehind = true;
            clip.Add(v);
        }

        // polyClipFinish part 1 (0x006b6d5d): the W pass runs only when some vertex sits behind
        // the eye plane (w < 0); an all-in-front polygon passes through untouched (and an
        // all-behind one clips to empty inside the pass).
        if (anyBehind)
            clip = ClipPlane(clip, v => v.W);
        return clip.Count >= 3 ? clip.ToArray() : System.Array.Empty<Vector4>();
    }

    /// <summary>Clip a homogeneous (clip-space) portal polygon against an NDC view region
    /// (CCW convex) with w-aware Sutherland-Hodgman edge tests, then divide the survivors to NDC and
    /// normalize to CCW. Ports retail ACRender::polyClipFinish's view-region clip (decomp 702749): the
    /// edge test multiplies through w (which is &gt; 0 after the eye-plane clip) so it never divides a
    /// near-eye vertex, and the final divide runs only on survivors already bounded to the region —
    /// stable by construction. Returns &lt;3 verts when the portal does not intersect the region.</summary>
    public static Vector2[] ClipToRegion(IReadOnlyList<Vector4> subjectClip, IReadOnlyList<Vector2> regionCcwNdc)
    {
        if (subjectClip == null || regionCcwNdc == null || subjectClip.Count < 3 || regionCcwNdc.Count < 3)
            return System.Array.Empty<Vector2>();

        // Homogeneous Sutherland-Hodgman: clip the (w > 0) subject against each CCW edge of the NDC
        // region. f(P) below is the NDC inside test cross(edge, P_ndc - a) multiplied through P.W,
        // which is > 0 after the eye-plane clip — so the sign is the NDC sign yet no near-eye vertex
        // is ever divided (retail polyClipFinish, decomp 702749).
        var poly = new List<Vector4>(subjectClip);
        int n = regionCcwNdc.Count;
        for (int e = 0; e < n; e++)
        {
            if (poly.Count < 3) return System.Array.Empty<Vector2>();
            poly = ClipHomogeneousEdge(poly, regionCcwNdc[e], regionCcwNdc[(e + 1) % n]);
        }
        if (poly.Count < 3) return System.Array.Empty<Vector2>();

        // Divide survivors → NDC. They are inside the region now, so |x| ≤ |w| and |y| ≤ |w|: the
        // divide is bounded by construction (this is why the homogeneous clip avoids the early-divide
        // blow-up). Normalize to CCW so the result is a valid clip region for the next portal hop.
        //
        // W=0 port (2026-06-11): with ProjectToClip clipping at exactly w >= 0, a w == 0 vertex
        // (a direction) cannot survive the bounded region clip above — a nonzero direction fails at
        // least one edge's inside test of any bounded convex region — EXCEPT the measure-zero case
        // of a direction lying exactly on a region corner with d == 0 on the adjoining edges. That
        // case divides to ±Inf/NaN; treat it as the degenerate knife-edge sliver it is and return
        // empty (retail's effective result for the same input: a <1 px degenerate region).
        var ndc = new Vector2[poly.Count];
        for (int i = 0; i < poly.Count; i++)
        {
            float w = poly[i].W;
            var v = new Vector2(poly[i].X / w, poly[i].Y / w);
            if (!float.IsFinite(v.X) || !float.IsFinite(v.Y))
                return System.Array.Empty<Vector2>();
            ndc[i] = v;
        }

        // T2 (BR-4): retail's post-divide vertex merge — Render::copy_view
        // (Ghidra 0x0054dfc0) collapses consecutive vertices closer than ~1
        // PIXEL (|dx|<=1 && |dy|<=1 screen units) after the perspective divide.
        // This is the flood's physical fixpoint floor: re-clipping a view can
        // only insert sub-pixel sliver vertices, which this merge removes, so
        // accumulated views converge instead of drifting (the drift is what
        // forced the MaxReprocessPerCell=16 cap). Unit approximation: the
        // builder has no viewport, so 1 px is expressed in NDC at a reference
        // 1080p (2/1080 ≈ 0.00185); at higher resolutions the merge is merely
        // slightly coarser than retail's, which only strengthens convergence.
        var merged = MergeSubPixelVertices(ndc);
        if (merged.Length < 3)
            return System.Array.Empty<Vector2>();

        EnsureCcw(merged);
        return merged;
    }

    // Retail copy_view's ~1-pixel vertex merge (see ClipToRegion). Collapses
    // runs of consecutive near-identical vertices, including across the
    // wrap-around. A polygon that collapses below 3 distinct vertices is
    // degenerate (sub-pixel sliver) and returns empty — exactly retail's
    // "<3 surviving verts → output count 0".
    private const float VertexMergeEpsilonNdc = 2f / 1080f;

    private static Vector2[] MergeSubPixelVertices(Vector2[] poly)
    {
        if (poly.Length < 3) return poly;
        var kept = new List<Vector2>(poly.Length);
        foreach (var v in poly)
        {
            if (kept.Count > 0)
            {
                var prev = kept[^1];
                if (MathF.Abs(v.X - prev.X) <= VertexMergeEpsilonNdc
                    && MathF.Abs(v.Y - prev.Y) <= VertexMergeEpsilonNdc)
                    continue;
            }
            kept.Add(v);
        }
        // Wrap-around: last ≈ first.
        while (kept.Count >= 2)
        {
            var first = kept[0];
            var last = kept[^1];
            if (MathF.Abs(first.X - last.X) <= VertexMergeEpsilonNdc
                && MathF.Abs(first.Y - last.Y) <= VertexMergeEpsilonNdc)
                kept.RemoveAt(kept.Count - 1);
            else
                break;
        }
        return kept.Count == poly.Length ? poly : kept.ToArray();
    }

    // One Sutherland-Hodgman half-plane against the directed NDC edge a→b, keeping the CCW-inside
    // (left) part of a HOMOGENEOUS polygon. Inside test for vertex P (clip space): the NDC cross
    // product cross(b-a, P/P.W - a) scaled by P.W (> 0): ex·(P.Y - P.W·a.Y) - ey·(P.X - P.W·a.X) ≥ 0.
    // Crossings interpolate in homogeneous coords (perspective-correct), via the shared Lerp.
    private static List<Vector4> ClipHomogeneousEdge(List<Vector4> poly, Vector2 a, Vector2 b)
    {
        var result = new List<Vector4>(poly.Count + 1);
        float ex = b.X - a.X, ey = b.Y - a.Y;
        for (int i = 0; i < poly.Count; i++)
        {
            Vector4 cur = poly[i];
            Vector4 prev = poly[(i + poly.Count - 1) % poly.Count];
            float dCur = ex * (cur.Y - cur.W * a.Y) - ey * (cur.X - cur.W * a.X);
            float dPrev = ex * (prev.Y - prev.W * a.Y) - ey * (prev.X - prev.W * a.X);
            bool curIn = dCur >= 0f;
            bool prevIn = dPrev >= 0f;

            if (curIn)
            {
                if (!prevIn) result.Add(Lerp(prev, cur, dPrev, dCur));
                result.Add(cur);
            }
            else if (prevIn)
            {
                result.Add(Lerp(prev, cur, dPrev, dCur));
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    // Reverse vertex order in place if wound clockwise (signed area < 0). Mirrors the builder's
    // EnsureCcw so a clipped region is always CCW for the next hop's ClipToRegion edge test.
    private static void EnsureCcw(Vector2[] poly)
    {
        float area2 = 0f;
        for (int i = 0; i < poly.Length; i++)
        {
            var p = poly[i]; var q = poly[(i + 1) % poly.Length];
            area2 += p.X * q.Y - q.X * p.Y;
        }
        if (area2 < 0f) System.Array.Reverse(poly);
    }

    // Minimum clip-space w (≈ metres in front of the eye) to keep a vertex. Excludes the eye
    // (w=0) singularity and the ~5 cm right at it (bounding the perspective divide), but is
    // INTENTIONALLY far closer than the projection's 1.0 m near plane so a doorway the camera is
    // standing in still projects and the cell behind it stays visible. See the file header.
    private const float MinW = 0.05f;

    // Sutherland-Hodgman against one half-space of the homogeneous view frustum, in CLIP SPACE.
    // `dist` is the signed plane functional (>= 0 keeps the vertex); crossings are interpolated in
    // homogeneous coords (perspective-correct). Callers apply the eye plane first so every survivor
    // has w > 0, making the side-plane functionals (w ± x, w ± y) well defined.
    private static List<Vector4> ClipPlane(List<Vector4> poly, System.Func<Vector4, float> dist)
    {
        if (poly.Count == 0) return poly;
        var result = new List<Vector4>(poly.Count + 1);
        for (int i = 0; i < poly.Count; i++)
        {
            Vector4 cur = poly[i];
            Vector4 prev = poly[(i + poly.Count - 1) % poly.Count];
            float dCur = dist(cur);
            float dPrev = dist(prev);
            bool curIn = dCur >= 0f;
            bool prevIn = dPrev >= 0f;

            if (curIn)
            {
                if (!prevIn) result.Add(Lerp(prev, cur, dPrev, dCur));
                result.Add(cur);
            }
            else if (prevIn)
            {
                result.Add(Lerp(prev, cur, dPrev, dCur));
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    private static Vector4 Lerp(Vector4 p, Vector4 q, float dp, float dq)
    {
        float t = dp / (dp - dq);
        return p + t * (q - p);
    }
}