# Phase C.1 PES particle pseudocode

Retail sources:

- `docs/research/named-retail/acclient_2013_pseudo_c.txt`
  - `ParticleEmitterInfo::{GetRandom*,InitEnd,ShouldEmitParticle,UnPack}`
    at `0x005170d0..0x005179f0`
  - `ParticleManager::{CreateParticleEmitter,DestroyParticleEmitter,StopParticleEmitter}`
    at `0x0051b6c0..0x0051b7a0`
  - `Particle::{Update,Init}` and `ParticleEmitter::{EmitParticle,UpdateParticles}`
    at `0x0051b863..0x0051d400`
  - `PhysicsScript::{UnPack}` at `0x005218b0`
  - `CallPESHook::Execute`, `CreateParticleHook::Execute`,
    `DestroyParticleHook::Execute`, `StopParticleHook::Execute` at
    `0x00529eb0..0x0052a070`
  - `GameSky::{Draw,CreateDeletePhysicsObjects}` at
    `0x00506ff0..0x005075d0`
- `docs/research/named-retail/acclient.h`
  - `EmitterType`, `ParticleType`
  - `ParticleEmitterInfo`, `Particle`, `ParticleEmitter`
  - `CreateParticleHook`, `CreateBlockingParticleHook`,
    `DestroyParticleHook`, `StopParticleHook`, `CallPESHook`
  - `CelestialPosition` with `pes_id`
- Cross-checks:
  - `references/ACViewer/ACViewer/Physics/Particles/*`
  - `references/ACE/Source/ACE.DatLoader/Entity/ParticleEmitterInfo.cs`
  - `references/WorldBuilder/Chorizite.OpenGLSDLBackend/Lib/ParticleBatcher.cs`

## ParticleEmitterInfo

```text
UnPack(reader):
    read id/header
    read unknown
    read emitter_type
    read particle_type
    read gfxobj_id
    read hw_gfxobj_id
    read birthrate
    read max_particles
    read initial_particles
    read total_particles
    read total_seconds
    read lifespan
    read lifespan_rand
    read offset_dir, min_offset, max_offset
    read A, min_a, max_a
    read B, min_b, max_b
    read C, min_c, max_c
    read start_scale, final_scale, scale_rand
    read start_trans, final_trans, trans_rand
    read is_parent_local

InitEnd():
    sorting_sphere.center = (0, 0, 0)
    sorting_sphere.radius = max(max_offset, max_a * lifespan)

RandomScale(base):
    value = base + RollDice(-1, 1) * scale_rand
    return clamp(value, 0.1, 10.0)

RandomTrans(base):
    value = base + RollDice(-1, 1) * trans_rand
    return clamp(value, 0.0, 1.0)

RandomLifespan():
    value = lifespan + RollDice(-1, 1) * lifespan_rand
    return max(value, 0.0)

RandomVector(dir, min, max):
    return dir * Random(min, max)

RandomOffset():
    v = random vector in [-1, 1]^3
    v = v - project(v, offset_dir)
    if length(v) is near zero:
        v = perpendicular fallback
    v = normalize(v)
    return v * Random(min_offset, max_offset)

ShouldEmitParticle(emitter):
    if total_particles != 0 and emitter.total_emitted >= total_particles:
        return false
    if emitter.num_particles >= max_particles:
        return false
    if emitter_type == BirthratePerSec:
        return Timer.cur_time - emitter.last_emit_time > birthrate
    if emitter_type == BirthratePerMeter:
        delta = emitter.last_emit_offset - emitter.current_parent_offset
        return dot(delta, delta) > birthrate * birthrate
    return false
```

Notes:

- Retail stores `birthrate` as seconds between emissions for
  `BirthratePerSec`, not particles per second.
- Retail clamps start/final scale to `[0.1, 10]` and translucency to
  `[0, 1]`.
- The named decomp shows final scale/trans add their own base values.
  ACE/ACViewer have a few copy-paste mistakes in these helpers; the decomp
  wins.

## ParticleManager and emitter lifetime

```text
CreateParticleEmitter(parent, emitter_info_id, part_index, offset, requested_id):
    if requested_id != 0:
        remove existing emitter with requested_id
    info = Dat.Get(ParticleEmitterInfo, emitter_info_id)
    emitter = makeParticleEmitter()
    emitter.SetInfo(info)
    emitter.SetParenting(parent, part_index, offset)
    emitter.InitEnd()
    emitter.id = requested_id if requested_id != 0 else next_emitter_id++
    particle_table.add(emitter.id, emitter)
    return emitter.id

DestroyParticleEmitter(id):
    remove emitter id from particle_table

StopParticleEmitter(id):
    emitter.stopped = true

UpdateParticles():
    for each emitter:
        keep = emitter.UpdateParticles()
        if !keep:
            remove emitter
```

`ParticleEmitter::EmitParticle` finds a free/recyclable slot, samples all
random fields from the `ParticleEmitterInfo`, initializes a `Particle`, adds
the particle part, and records `total_emitted`, `last_emit_time`, and
`last_emit_offset`.

`ParticleEmitter::UpdateParticles`:

```text
if drawable/parent is valid:
    for each live particle:
        parent_frame = parent-local ? current parent frame : particle.start_frame
        particle.Update(parent_frame, now, persistent)
        if particle.lifetime >= particle.lifespan:
            kill particle

    while !stopped and info.ShouldEmitParticle(this):
        EmitParticle()

    if total_seconds != 0 and now - creation_time > total_seconds:
        stopped = true
    if total_particles != 0 and total_emitted >= total_particles:
        stopped = true

return num_particles != 0 || !stopped
```

## Particle integrators

Every particle computes position from age/lifetime, not by accumulating
Euler steps. `parent.origin` below is the parent frame origin chosen by
`is_parent_local`.

```text
age = now - birthtime

Still:
    pos = parent.origin + offset

LocalVelocity, GlobalVelocity:
    pos = parent.origin + offset + age * A

ParabolicLVGA, ParabolicLVLA, ParabolicGVGA:
    pos = parent.origin + offset + age * A + 0.5 * age^2 * B

ParabolicLVGAGR, ParabolicLVLALR, ParabolicGVGAGR:
    frame = parent
    frame.origin += offset + age * A + 0.5 * age^2 * B
    frame.rotate_by(age * C)
    pos = frame.origin

Swarm:
    pos = parent.origin + offset + age * A
    pos.x += cos(age * B.x) * C.x
    pos.y += sin(age * B.y) * C.y
    pos.z += cos(age * B.z) * C.z

Explode:
    pos.x = parent.origin.x + offset.x + (age * B.x + C.x * A.x) * age
    pos.y = parent.origin.y + offset.y + (age * B.y + C.y * A.x) * age
    pos.z = parent.origin.z + offset.z + (age * B.z + C.z * A.x + A.z) * age

Implode:
    pos = parent.origin + offset + cos(A.x * age) * C + age^2 * B
```

`Particle::Init` resolves vector spaces once at spawn:

```text
offset = transform_local_vector(random_offset, start_frame)

LocalVelocity, ParabolicLVGA:
    A = local_to_global(A)

ParabolicLVLA:
    A = local_to_global(A)
    B = local_to_global(B)

ParabolicLVGAGR:
    A = local_to_global(A)
    C = C

Swarm:
    A = local_to_global(A)

Explode:
    A = A
    B = B
    C = normalized random direction scaled by the local C axes

Implode:
    A = A
    B = B
    offset *= C component-wise
    C = offset

ParabolicLVLALR:
    A = local_to_global(A)
    B = local_to_global(B)
    C = local_to_global(C)

ParabolicGVGA, GlobalVelocity:
    A/B/C remain global as applicable

ParabolicGVGAGR:
    A and B remain global
    C = C
```

After motion:

```text
t = clamp(age / lifespan, 0, 1)
scale = lerp(start_scale, final_scale, t)
trans = lerp(start_trans, final_trans, t)
opacity = 1 - trans
```

`StartTrans` / `FinalTrans` are transparency values, not source alpha.
Retail sends the interpolated value to `PhysicsPart::SetTranslucency`; the
render path uses its complement as opacity. WorldBuilder's particle renderer
cross-check does the same (`opacity = 1 - currentTrans`).

## PhysicsScript and hooks

`PhysicsScript::UnPack` reads ordered `(start_time, hook)` entries and sorts
them by start time. The runner keeps active script instances keyed by
`(script_id, entity_id)` and fires all hooks whose `start_time <= elapsed`.

Hook execution:

```text
CreateParticleHook:
    parent.create_particle_emitter(emitter_info_id, part_index, offset, emitter_id)

CreateBlockingParticleHook:
    same particle creation path, plus sequencer blocking semantics

DestroyParticleHook:
    parent.destroy_particle_emitter(emitter_id)

StopParticleHook:
    parent.stop_particle_emitter(emitter_id)

CallPESHook:
    parent.CallPES(pes_id, pause)
```

The C.1 implementation keeps hook dispatch in Core and renders the resulting
particles in App. Nested `CallPESHook` stays in `PhysicsScriptRunner`, while
`ParticleHookSink` converts create/destroy/stop hooks into runtime emitter
handles.

## Sky integration

`CelestialPosition` has both `gfx_id` and `pes_id`. Retail sky object
creation copies `properties` and draws two sky cells. A named-retail recheck
on 2026-04-28 corrected the original C.1 assumption:

```text
SkyDesc::GetSky (0x00501ec0):
    copy SkyObject.gfx_id into CelestialPosition.gfx_id
    copy SkyObject.default_pes_object into CelestialPosition.pes_id
    copy properties / rotate / arc angle / tex velocity

GameSky.CreateDeletePhysicsObjects (0x005073c0):
    for each visible CelestialPosition:
        post_scene = (properties & 0x01) != 0
        make/update sky gfx object from gfx_id in before/after cell
        do not read pes_id

GameSky.MakeObject (0x00506ee0):
    CPhysicsObj::makeObject(gfx_id, 0, 0)
    set texture velocity

GameSky.UseTime (0x005075b0):
    CreateDeletePhysicsObjects()
    CalcFrame()
    set_frame / luminosity / diffusion / translucency
    do not read pes_id

GameSky.Draw(post_scene):
    if post_scene == false:
        draw before_sky_cell
    else:
        draw after_sky_cell
```

The sky renderer must preserve the existing `0x01` pre/post split for sky
meshes. `SkyObject.default_pes_object` is parsed and retained for diagnostics,
but it is not a retail render-path particle source. In acdream the experimental
sky-PES path is therefore gated behind `ACDREAM_ENABLE_SKY_PES=1` and disabled
for normal visual comparison.

## GL rendering

WorldBuilder's `ParticleBatcher` confirms the GL-side policy:

```text
collect live billboard instances
sort back-to-front by camera distance for alpha blending
depth test enabled
depth writes disabled
cull disabled
blend SrcAlpha/OneMinusSrcAlpha for alpha
blend SrcAlpha/One for additive
stream dynamic instance VBO
draw instanced unit quads
```

C.1 keeps that policy and splits draw calls by particle render pass:

- pre-scene sky particles after the pre-scene sky meshes
- scene particles after opaque world/static objects
- post-scene sky particles after post-scene sky/weather meshes