using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
using System.Numerics;
using System.Reflection;
using AcDream.App.Rendering;
using AcDream.App.Rendering.Gpu;
using AcDream.App.Rendering.Gpu.Vk;
using AcDream.App.Rendering.Scene;
using AcDream.App.Rendering.Wb;
using AcDream.App.Rendering.Walk;
using AcDream.App.Tests.Rendering.Gpu;
using AcDream.Content;
using AcDream.Core.Meshing;
using AcDream.Core.World;
using DatReaderWriter;
using DatReaderWriter.DBObjs;
using DatReaderWriter.Enums;
using DatReaderWriter.Lib.IO;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions;

namespace AcDream.App.Tests.Rendering.Walk;

/// <summary>
/// Campaign FW stage FW3.2b-1: <see cref="WalkFrameDriver"/>'s headless
/// referee suite — proves that driving <see cref="RetailFrameWalk"/> with the
/// driver as its <see cref="IWalkEventSink"/> produces retail's own turn
/// order (all shells then all contents in reverse flood order,
/// flush-before-every-leaf-action,
/// content-before-punch) through the REAL <see cref="WbDrawDispatcher.SubmitOrderedStream"/>
/// onto a <see cref="RecordingGpuDevice"/> — never a mock of the submission
/// path itself. No production wiring is exercised (<c>WorldSceneRenderer</c>
/// still does not construct this driver); every world-data/leaf-renderer
/// dependency here is a synthetic fake per plan §FW3.2b-1.
/// </summary>
public sealed class WalkFrameDriverTests
{
    // ── Shared ordered log: BOTH the fake leaf renderer and the fake trace
    // write into ONE list, so a single sequence assertion proves the FULL
    // interleave (stream flushes interleaved with sky/terrain/shell/punch/
    // alpha-barrier), not just each half in isolation. ─────────────────────

    private sealed class RecordingLeafRenderer(
        List<string> log,
        RetailAlphaQueue? alpha = null) : IWalkFrameLeafRenderer
    {
        public readonly List<WalkPolygon> Punches = new();
        public readonly List<uint> Shells = new();
        public readonly List<int> AlphaPendingAtBarrier = new();
        public readonly List<(uint LandblockId, int SideCellCount, int CellIndex)[]> LandCellBatches = new();

        /// <summary>S3 chunk 3 fix round 1 (F2/F4c): cell ids
        /// <see cref="HasRenderableEmittersInCell"/> reports as having NO
        /// renderable emitter. Empty by default so EVERY pre-existing pin in
        /// this file keeps its old "every StaticParticles/CellParticles turn
        /// submits unconditionally" behavior unchanged; a test proving the
        /// new "genuinely empty turn submits nothing and does not flush"
        /// rule opts specific cells OUT via this set.</summary>
        public readonly HashSet<uint> CellsWithoutEmitters = new();

        /// <summary>S3 chunk 2: the exit-seal polygon count this fake
        /// reports back to the driver (B2 — <see cref="DrawExitSeals"/>
        /// returns the submitted count so the driver can re-arm its
        /// persistent <c>PortalsDrawnCount</c> for the NEXT <c>ov&gt;0</c>
        /// frame's clear decision, R4). Defaults to 1 so a test that
        /// doesn't care about the re-arm mechanism sees an ordinary
        /// "some seal fired" outcome; a test proving "flood with no exit
        /// portal never clears" sets this to 0.</summary>
        public int SealPolygonsSubmitted = 1;

        public void DrawSky() => log.Add("SKY");

        public void DrawLandCellBatch(
            IReadOnlyList<(uint LandblockId, int SideCellCount, int CellIndex)> cells)
        {
            LandCellBatches.Add(cells.ToArray());
            log.Add("LANDCELL:" + string.Join(
                ',', cells.Select(c => $"{c.LandblockId:x8}:{c.SideCellCount}:{c.CellIndex}")));
        }

        public bool HasRenderableEmittersInCell(uint cellId) => !CellsWithoutEmitters.Contains(cellId);

        public void DrawCellShell(uint cellId)
        {
            Shells.Add(cellId);
            log.Add($"SHELL:{cellId:x8}");
        }

        public void FlushLandscape() => log.Add("LFLUSH");

        public void ClearInteriorDepth() => log.Add("CLEAR");

        public int DrawExitSeals()
        {
            log.Add("SEALS");
            return SealPolygonsSubmitted;
        }

        public void DrawPunchFan(WalkPolygon worldPolygon, int activeViewIndex)
        {
            Punches.Add(worldPolygon);
            log.Add($"PUNCH:{worldPolygon.Vertices.Length}@v{activeViewIndex}");
        }

        public void AlphaBarrier()
        {
            if (alpha is null)
            {
                log.Add("ALPHA");
                return;
            }

            AlphaPendingAtBarrier.Add(alpha.PendingCount);
            log.Add($"ALPHA:{alpha.PendingCount}");
            alpha.Flush();
        }

        public void DrawStaticParticles(uint cellId) => log.Add($"PARTICLES:{cellId:x8}");

        public void DrawCellParticles(uint cellId) => log.Add($"CELL-PARTICLES:{cellId:x8}");
    }

    private sealed class RecordingTrace(List<string> log) : IWalkFrameDriverTrace
    {
        public void OnFlush(int commandCount, IReadOnlyList<WalkDrawStage> stages) =>
            log.Add($"FLUSH:{commandCount}:{string.Join(',', stages.Distinct())}");
    }

    private sealed class FakeWorldData : IWalkFrameWorldData
    {
        public readonly Dictionary<uint, WalkFrameStaticRecords> CellStaticsByCell = new();
        public readonly Dictionary<uint, WalkFrameStaticRecords> CellDynamicsByCell = new();
        public readonly Dictionary<uint, WalkFrameStaticRecords> OutdoorStaticsByCell = new();
        public readonly Dictionary<uint, WalkFrameStaticRecords> OutdoorDynamicsByCell = new();
        public readonly Dictionary<WalkBuilding, WalkFrameStaticRecords> ShellByBuilding = new();
        public readonly Dictionary<WalkBuilding, Matrix4x4> WorldTransformByBuilding = new();

        public WalkFrameStaticRecords GetCellStatics(uint cellId) =>
            CellStaticsByCell.GetValueOrDefault(cellId, WalkFrameStaticRecords.Empty);

        public WalkFrameStaticRecords GetCellDynamics(uint cellId) =>
            CellDynamicsByCell.GetValueOrDefault(cellId, WalkFrameStaticRecords.Empty);

        public WalkFrameStaticRecords GetOutdoorStatics(uint cellId) =>
            OutdoorStaticsByCell.GetValueOrDefault(cellId, WalkFrameStaticRecords.Empty);

        public WalkFrameStaticRecords GetOutdoorDynamics(uint cellId) =>
            OutdoorDynamicsByCell.GetValueOrDefault(cellId, WalkFrameStaticRecords.Empty);

        public WalkFrameStaticRecords GetBuildingShellStatics(WalkBuilding building) =>
            ShellByBuilding.GetValueOrDefault(building, WalkFrameStaticRecords.Empty);

        public Matrix4x4 GetBuildingWorldTransform(WalkBuilding building) =>
            WorldTransformByBuilding.GetValueOrDefault(building, Matrix4x4.Identity);
    }

    // ── The walk-level test context (interior flood + building portal pass) ─

    private sealed class Caster : IWalkRayCaster
    {
        public Vector3 RayThrough(float screenX, float screenY) => new(screenX, screenY, 100f);
    }

    private sealed class TestContext : IWalkFrameContext, IRetailFrameWalkContext
    {
        public readonly Dictionary<uint, WalkCell> Cells = new();
        public readonly Dictionary<WalkBuilding, float> ViewerDistances = new();
        private readonly Matrix4x4 _viewProj;
        private static readonly Vector2[] RootQuad =
        [
            new(0, 480), new(640, 480), new(640, 0), new(0, 0),
        ];

        public TestContext()
        {
            Matrix4x4 view = Matrix4x4.CreateLookAt(
                Vector3.Zero, new Vector3(0, 0, -1), Vector3.UnitY);
            Matrix4x4 proj = Matrix4x4.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView(1.2f, 1f, 0.1f, 1000f);
            _viewProj = view * proj;
        }

        public Vector3 ViewpointIn(WalkCell cell) => Vector3.Zero;
        public Matrix4x4 ObjectToClip(WalkCell cell) => _viewProj;
        public WalkCell? GetVisible(uint cellId) => Cells.GetValueOrDefault(cellId);
        public IWalkRayCaster Rays { get; } = new Caster();
        public Vector3 WorldViewpoint => Vector3.Zero;
        public float ViewportWidth => 640f;
        public float ViewportHeight => 480f;

        public Vector3 ViewpointInBuilding(WalkBuilding building) => Vector3.Zero;

        public float ViewerDistanceTo(WalkBuilding building) =>
            ViewerDistances.GetValueOrDefault(building, 0f);

        public IWalkFrameContext CellContext => this;
        public WalkPlane CyPlane => new(new Vector3(0, 0, 1), 0f);
        public void SetActiveView(WalkPortalView views, int index) { }

        public int ClipBuildingPolygon(
            WalkBuilding building, WalkPolygon polygon, int side, Span<WalkScreenPoint> output)
        {
            Span<WalkScreenPoint> projected = stackalloc WalkScreenPoint[polygon.Vertices.Length];
            for (int i = 0; i < polygon.Vertices.Length; i++)
                projected[i] = WalkScreenClip.TransformToScreen(
                    polygon.Vertices[i], _viewProj, ViewportWidth, ViewportHeight);
            if (side != 0)
                projected.Reverse();
            return WalkScreenClip.ClipAgainstView(projected, RootQuad, output);
        }
    }

    private static WalkPolygon Quad(float z, bool facingViewer = true) => new()
    {
        Vertices =
        [
            new Vector3(-0.5f, -0.5f, z), new Vector3(0.5f, -0.5f, z),
            new Vector3(0.5f, 0.5f, z), new Vector3(-0.5f, 0.5f, z),
        ],
        Plane = new WalkPlane(new Vector3(0, 0, facingViewer ? 1f : -1f), facingViewer ? -z : z),
    };

    // ── Deliverable: RunFrame drives an interior two-cell flood using
    // PView::DrawCells' exact two reverse loops: ALL shells far-to-near,
    // then ALL object cells far-to-near. ─────────────────────────────────

    // ── Deliverable (S3 chunk 2, superseding the 2026-08-30 decomp
    // correction): PView::DrawCells @0x005a4840's actual DRAW order for an
    // interior root's OWN flood is NOT the order its DrawInside/DrawCells
    // EVENTS fire in (breakpoint-entry order, matching the FW0 oracle
    // traces) — retail draws LScape::draw FIRST (pc:432719, only when exit
    // views survived), then the landscape flush + device-stamp advance,
    // then a GATED depth clear (pc:432731-432732 — R4: read-then-zero
    // portalsDrawnCount @0x005a489c-0x005a489e, clear iff nonzero), then
    // the exit-portal seals (pc:432785-432786), and ONLY THEN the flood's
    // own cells far-to-near. This case has a surviving exit view (ov=1): DC
    // records the flood list (no draw), the landscape turn runs (sky,
    // terrain), THEN flush, THEN — since this is a FRESH driver's very
    // first ov&gt;0 flood, so portalsDrawnCount starts at 0 (R4's
    // "first-frame no-clear quirk") — the clear is SKIPPED, then seals,
    // then all shells and all contents in reverse order. ──────────────────

    [Fact]
    public void RunFrame_InteriorFloodWithExitView_FreshDriverSkipsTheGatedClearThenDrawsSealsAndFloodCells()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        const ulong gfxObjA = 0x0200_0001UL;
        const ulong gfxObjB = 0x0200_0002UL;
        InjectRenderData(fx.Manager, gfxObjA, MakeFlatMesh(
            MakeBatch(0x08100001u, TranslucencyKind.Opaque, 0, 0, 3, 1)));
        InjectRenderData(fx.Manager, gfxObjB, MakeFlatMesh(
            MakeBatch(0x08100002u, TranslucencyKind.Opaque, 3, 4, 3, 2)));

        var ctx = new TestContext();
        var cell1 = new WalkCell
        {
            CellId = 0x100,
            StabList = [0x101u],
            Portals =
            [
                new WalkCellPortal
                {
                    OtherCellId = 0x101, PolygonIndex = 0, PortalSide = 0, OtherPortalId = 0,
                },
                // The exit portal (retail's "world beyond the door") — this
                // is what raises ov to 1 and makes DrawInside run the
                // landscape turn before clear+seals+the flood cells.
                new WalkCellPortal
                {
                    OtherCellId = 0xFFFFFFFF, PolygonIndex = 1, PortalSide = 0, OtherPortalId = -1,
                },
            ],
            PortalPolygons = [Quad(-2f), Quad(-3f)],
        };
        var cell2 = new WalkCell
        {
            CellId = 0x101,
            Portals = [new WalkCellPortal
            {
                OtherCellId = 0x100, PolygonIndex = 0, PortalSide = 1, OtherPortalId = 0,
            }],
            PortalPolygons = [Quad(-2f)],
        };
        ctx.Cells[cell1.CellId] = cell1;
        ctx.Cells[cell2.CellId] = cell2;

        var worldData = new FakeWorldData();
        worldData.CellStaticsByCell[0x100] = new WalkFrameStaticRecords(
            new[] { MakeRecord(101, 0, Vector3.Zero, [new MeshRef((uint)gfxObjA, Matrix4x4.Identity)]) }, 0x8C04u);
        worldData.CellStaticsByCell[0x101] = new WalkFrameStaticRecords(
            new[] { MakeRecord(102, 0, Vector3.Zero, [new MeshRef((uint)gfxObjB, Matrix4x4.Identity)]) }, 0x8C04u);

        var leaf = new RecordingLeafRenderer(log);
        var trace = new RecordingTrace(log);
        using ClipFrame clipFrame = ClipFrame.NoClip();
        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(
            fx.Dispatcher, leaf, worldData, trace, clipFrame);
        var walk = new RetailFrameWalk();
        // A minimal, no-op landscape (1x1 window, the one slot unpublished)
        // — matches RetailFrameWalkTests' own exit-view fixture. LScape::draw
        // still runs its full turn (sky/terrain) against it; there's simply
        // nothing published to iterate blocks/cells/buildings for.
        var landscape = new WalkLandscape { MidWidth = 1, Blocks = new WalkLandBlock?[1] };

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.RunFrame(
            walk, cameraCellId: cell1.CellId, cameraCell: cell1, landscape: landscape,
            ctx, draw.Frame, draw.Pass, Matrix4x4.Identity, cameraWorldPosition: Vector3.Zero);

        Assert.Equal(
            new[]
            {
                // No CLEAR: R4's first-frame no-clear quirk — this driver's
                // PortalsDrawnCount starts at 0, so the read-then-zero
                // decision sees "not armed" even though ov=1.
                "SKY", "LFLUSH", "SEALS",
                "SHELL:00000101", "SHELL:00000100",
                "FLUSH:1:CellStatic", "CELL-PARTICLES:00000101",
                "FLUSH:1:CellStatic", "CELL-PARTICLES:00000100",
            },
            log);
        Assert.DoesNotContain("CLEAR", log);
        // This frame's own seals (RecordingLeafRenderer's default
        // SealPolygonsSubmitted) armed the counter for a NEXT ov>0 frame.
        Assert.Equal(1, driver.PortalsDrawnCount);

        List<GpuRecordedMultiDrawIndirect> mdiCalls =
            [.. fx.Device.Calls.OfType<GpuRecordedMultiDrawIndirect>()];
        Assert.Equal(2, mdiCalls.Count);
        Assert.All(mdiCalls, c => Assert.Equal(1u, c.DrawCount));
        // Nothing dropped: every populated record reached exactly one indirect draw.
        Assert.Equal(2, mdiCalls.Sum(c => (int)c.DrawCount));

        // Exit seals replay through the exact portal_view slices captured by
        // this walk. The legacy PortalVisibilityFrame is not consulted.
        Assert.Equal(1, driver.InteriorFloodViewSliceCountAt(0));
        Assert.Equal(1, driver.InteriorFloodViewSliceCountAt(1));
        Assert.Equal(4, driver.InteriorFloodViewClipPlanesAt(0, 0).Length);
        Assert.Equal(4, driver.InteriorFloodViewClipPlanesAt(1, 0).Length);
        Assert.True(clipFrame.SlotCount >= 3);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void InteriorFloodAfterLandscape_RearmsRetailPartStampForPostClearCellRepaint()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        const ulong gfxObj = 0x0200_0021UL;
        const uint outdoorCellId = 0xF4180009u;
        const uint interiorCellId = 0xF4180112u;
        InjectRenderData(fx.Manager, gfxObj, MakeFlatMesh(
            MakeBatch(0x08100021u, TranslucencyKind.Opaque, 0, 0, 3, 1)));

        RenderProjectionRecord sharedPart = MakeRecord(
            0x4F41806Cu,
            0,
            Vector3.Zero,
            [new MeshRef((uint)gfxObj, Matrix4x4.Identity)]);
        var worldData = new FakeWorldData();
        worldData.OutdoorStaticsByCell[outdoorCellId] =
            new WalkFrameStaticRecords(new[] { sharedPart }, 0xF418u);
        worldData.CellStaticsByCell[interiorCellId] =
            new WalkFrameStaticRecords(new[] { sharedPart }, 0xF418u);

        var ctx = new TestContext();
        var interiorCell = new WalkCell { CellId = interiorCellId };
        interiorCell.PushView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            interiorCell.TopView,
            ctx.Rays,
            ctx.WorldViewpoint,
            ctx.ViewportWidth,
            ctx.ViewportHeight);
        ctx.Cells[interiorCellId] = interiorCell;

        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(
            fx.Dispatcher,
            new RecordingLeafRenderer(log),
            worldData,
            new RecordingTrace(log));
        IWalkEventSink sink = driver;

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        sink.Emit(WalkEvent.Landscape(activeViewCount: 1));
        var landscapeViews = new WalkPortalView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            landscapeViews,
            ctx.Rays,
            ctx.WorldViewpoint,
            ctx.ViewportWidth,
            ctx.ViewportHeight);
        sink.OnLandscapeViews(landscapeViews);
        sink.OnLandscapeCellTurn(outdoorCellId);
        // A landscape turn ran (activeViewCount: 1 above), so this models
        // retail's ov>0 case.
        sink.OnInteriorFloodDrawTurn([interiorCellId], outsideViewCount: 1);
        driver.EndFrame();
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        List<GpuRecordedMultiDrawIndirect> mdiCalls =
            [.. fx.Device.Calls.OfType<GpuRecordedMultiDrawIndirect>()];
        Assert.Equal(2, mdiCalls.Count);
        Assert.All(mdiCalls, call => Assert.Equal(1u, call.DrawCount));
        Assert.Equal(2, mdiCalls.Sum(call => (int)call.DrawCount));
        Assert.Equal(2, log.Count(entry => entry == "FLUSH:1:OutdoorStatic"
            || entry == "FLUSH:1:CellStatic"));
    }

    // ── Deliverable (T1, flipped for S3 chunk 2): the ov==0 interior case —
    // no exit view survives, so DrawInside never runs the landscape turn,
    // and PView::DrawCells' whole landscape-flush/stamp/clear/seal turn
    // (S3 §8.1 R3: all four gated on outside_view.view_count > 0) never
    // runs either — straight to the flood's own cells after the
    // (draw-nothing) DC event. ──────────────────────────────────────────

    [Fact]
    public void RunFrame_InteriorFloodWithNoExitView_SkipsLandscapeAndNeverFlushesClearsOrSeals()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        const ulong gfxObjA = 0x0200_0003UL;
        const ulong gfxObjB = 0x0200_0004UL;
        InjectRenderData(fx.Manager, gfxObjA, MakeFlatMesh(
            MakeBatch(0x08100003u, TranslucencyKind.Opaque, 0, 0, 3, 1)));
        InjectRenderData(fx.Manager, gfxObjB, MakeFlatMesh(
            MakeBatch(0x08100004u, TranslucencyKind.Opaque, 3, 4, 3, 2)));

        var ctx = new TestContext();
        var cell1 = new WalkCell
        {
            CellId = 0x100,
            StabList = [0x101u],
            Portals = [new WalkCellPortal
            {
                OtherCellId = 0x101, PolygonIndex = 0, PortalSide = 0, OtherPortalId = 0,
            }],
            PortalPolygons = [Quad(-2f)],
        };
        var cell2 = new WalkCell
        {
            CellId = 0x101,
            Portals = [new WalkCellPortal
            {
                OtherCellId = 0x100, PolygonIndex = 0, PortalSide = 1, OtherPortalId = 0,
            }],
            PortalPolygons = [Quad(-2f)],
        };
        ctx.Cells[cell1.CellId] = cell1;
        ctx.Cells[cell2.CellId] = cell2;

        var worldData = new FakeWorldData();
        worldData.CellStaticsByCell[0x100] = new WalkFrameStaticRecords(
            new[] { MakeRecord(101, 0, Vector3.Zero, [new MeshRef((uint)gfxObjA, Matrix4x4.Identity)]) }, 0x8C04u);
        worldData.CellStaticsByCell[0x101] = new WalkFrameStaticRecords(
            new[] { MakeRecord(102, 0, Vector3.Zero, [new MeshRef((uint)gfxObjB, Matrix4x4.Identity)]) }, 0x8C04u);

        var leaf = new RecordingLeafRenderer(log);
        var trace = new RecordingTrace(log);
        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(fx.Dispatcher, leaf, worldData, trace);
        var walk = new RetailFrameWalk();

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.RunFrame(
            walk, cameraCellId: cell1.CellId, cameraCell: cell1, landscape: new WalkLandscape(),
            ctx, draw.Frame, draw.Pass, Matrix4x4.Identity, cameraWorldPosition: Vector3.Zero);

        // No SKY/TERRAIN — ov==0 means DrawInside never calls DrawLandscape
        // at all. T1 (flipped): LFLUSH/CLEAR/SEALS and the device-stamp
        // advance are ALSO absent now — S3 §8.1 R3 gates all four on
        // outside_view.view_count > 0, and it is 0 here.
        Assert.Equal(
            new[]
            {
                "SHELL:00000101", "SHELL:00000100",
                "FLUSH:1:CellStatic", "CELL-PARTICLES:00000101",
                "FLUSH:1:CellStatic", "CELL-PARTICLES:00000100",
            },
            log);
        Assert.Equal(0, driver.PortalsDrawnCount);

        List<GpuRecordedMultiDrawIndirect> mdiCalls =
            [.. fx.Device.Calls.OfType<GpuRecordedMultiDrawIndirect>()];
        Assert.Equal(2, mdiCalls.Count);
        Assert.All(mdiCalls, c => Assert.Equal(1u, c.DrawCount));
        // Nothing dropped: every populated record reached exactly one indirect draw.
        Assert.Equal(2, mdiCalls.Sum(c => (int)c.DrawCount));
    }

    // ── T2 (S3 chunk 2, R4): a fresh driver's first ov>0 interior flood
    // skips the gated clear (PortalsDrawnCount starts at 0); that same
    // frame's own exit seals arm the counter at Replay, so the driver's
    // SECOND ov>0 flood — even with a different flood cell, since the
    // counter is driver-scoped, not cell-scoped — sees it nonzero and
    // clears. ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    [Fact]
    public void OnInteriorFloodDrawTurn_FirstOvFrameSkipsClear_SecondFrameArmedByFirstsSealsClears()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        var leaf = new RecordingLeafRenderer(log);
        var ctx = new TestContext();
        const uint cellId = 0xF4180200u;
        var cell = new WalkCell { CellId = cellId };
        cell.PushView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            cell.TopView, ctx.Rays, ctx.WorldViewpoint, ctx.ViewportWidth, ctx.ViewportHeight);
        ctx.Cells[cellId] = cell;

        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(fx.Dispatcher, leaf, new FakeWorldData());
        IWalkEventSink sink = driver;

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();

        // R4: PortalsDrawnCount starts at 0 for a fresh driver — the
        // 0x005a489c-0x005a489e read-then-zero decision sees "not armed" on
        // this driver's very first ov>0 interior-root flood, so the gated
        // depth clear (pc:432731-432732) is skipped even though a landscape
        // turn just ran.
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        sink.Emit(WalkEvent.Landscape(activeViewCount: 1));
        var views1 = new WalkPortalView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            views1, ctx.Rays, ctx.WorldViewpoint, ctx.ViewportWidth, ctx.ViewportHeight);
        sink.OnLandscapeViews(views1);
        sink.OnInteriorFloodDrawTurn([cellId], outsideViewCount: 1);
        driver.EndFrame();
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        Assert.Equal(
            new[]
            {
                "SKY", "LFLUSH", "SEALS",
                "SHELL:f4180200", "CELL-PARTICLES:f4180200",
            },
            log);
        Assert.DoesNotContain("CLEAR", log);
        Assert.Equal(1, driver.PortalsDrawnCount);
        log.Clear();

        // Frame 1's exit seals reported SealPolygonsSubmitted (default 1) at
        // Replay, arming PortalsDrawnCount for THIS frame's read-then-zero.
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        sink.Emit(WalkEvent.Landscape(activeViewCount: 1));
        var views2 = new WalkPortalView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            views2, ctx.Rays, ctx.WorldViewpoint, ctx.ViewportWidth, ctx.ViewportHeight);
        sink.OnLandscapeViews(views2);
        sink.OnInteriorFloodDrawTurn([cellId], outsideViewCount: 1);
        driver.EndFrame();
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        Assert.Equal(
            new[]
            {
                "SKY", "LFLUSH", "CLEAR", "SEALS",
                "SHELL:f4180200", "CELL-PARTICLES:f4180200",
            },
            log);
    }

    // ── T2 (S3 chunk 2, R4): a driver whose flood never reaches an exit
    // portal (DrawExitSeals reports 0 submitted every turn) never clears,
    // across any number of ov>0 frames — retail's counter is fed ONLY by
    // actually-submitted seal fans. ─────────────────────────────────────

    [Fact]
    public void OnInteriorFloodDrawTurn_FloodWithNoExitPortal_NeverClearsAcrossFrames()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        var leaf = new RecordingLeafRenderer(log) { SealPolygonsSubmitted = 0 };
        var ctx = new TestContext();
        const uint cellId = 0xF4180201u;
        var cell = new WalkCell { CellId = cellId };
        cell.PushView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            cell.TopView, ctx.Rays, ctx.WorldViewpoint, ctx.ViewportWidth, ctx.ViewportHeight);
        ctx.Cells[cellId] = cell;

        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(fx.Dispatcher, leaf, new FakeWorldData());
        IWalkEventSink sink = driver;

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        for (int frame = 0; frame < 3; frame++)
        {
            driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
            sink.Emit(WalkEvent.Landscape(activeViewCount: 1));
            var views = new WalkPortalView();
            WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
                views, ctx.Rays, ctx.WorldViewpoint, ctx.ViewportWidth, ctx.ViewportHeight);
            sink.OnLandscapeViews(views);
            sink.OnInteriorFloodDrawTurn([cellId], outsideViewCount: 1);
            driver.EndFrame();
            driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);
        }

        Assert.DoesNotContain("CLEAR", log);
        Assert.Equal(3, log.Count(entry => entry == "SEALS"));
        Assert.Equal(0, driver.PortalsDrawnCount);
    }

    // ── T3 (S3 chunk 2, R1): a building look-in's own DrawCells re-enters
    // with ov==0 unconditionally and neither ARMS nor CONSUMES the
    // persistent PortalsDrawnCount counter — retail calls DrawCells
    // re-entrantly there with no clear/seal step at all. ────────────────

    [Fact]
    public void LookInDrawCells_NeitherArmsNorConsumesThePortalsDrawnCounter()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        var leaf = new RecordingLeafRenderer(log);
        var ctx = new TestContext();
        const uint rootCellId = 0xF4180301u;
        const uint lookInCellId = 0xF4180302u;
        var rootCell = new WalkCell { CellId = rootCellId };
        rootCell.PushView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            rootCell.TopView, ctx.Rays, ctx.WorldViewpoint, ctx.ViewportWidth, ctx.ViewportHeight);
        ctx.Cells[rootCellId] = rootCell;
        var lookInCell = new WalkCell { CellId = lookInCellId };
        lookInCell.PushView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            lookInCell.TopView, ctx.Rays, ctx.WorldViewpoint, ctx.ViewportWidth, ctx.ViewportHeight);
        ctx.Cells[lookInCellId] = lookInCell;

        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(fx.Dispatcher, leaf, new FakeWorldData());
        IWalkEventSink sink = driver;

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();

        // Arm PortalsDrawnCount with one throwaway ov>0 interior-root flood.
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        sink.Emit(WalkEvent.Landscape(activeViewCount: 1));
        var rootViews = new WalkPortalView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            rootViews, ctx.Rays, ctx.WorldViewpoint, ctx.ViewportWidth, ctx.ViewportHeight);
        sink.OnLandscapeViews(rootViews);
        sink.OnInteriorFloodDrawTurn([rootCellId], outsideViewCount: 1);
        driver.EndFrame();
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);
        Assert.Equal(1, driver.PortalsDrawnCount);
        log.Clear();

        // A building look-in's own DrawCells re-enters with ov==0
        // unconditionally (R1) — no LFLUSH/clear/seal step at all ("DrawCells
        // re-entrantly there with no clear/seal step"), so it must leave the
        // already-armed counter alone.
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        sink.OnBuildingTurn(new WalkBuilding());
        sink.Emit(WalkEvent.DrawCells(outsideViewCount: 0, [lookInCellId]));
        driver.EndFrame();
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        Assert.DoesNotContain("LFLUSH", log);
        Assert.DoesNotContain("CLEAR", log);
        Assert.DoesNotContain("SEALS", log);
        Assert.Equal(1, driver.PortalsDrawnCount);
    }

    // ── Deliverable: a building turn's alpha barrier precedes its portal
    // pass (retail RenderDeviceD3D::DrawBuilding @0x0059f2a0:
    // FlushAlphaList(0f) -> CPhysicsPart::Draw(parts,1) [the portal walk]
    // -> CPhysicsPart::Draw(parts,0) [the shell] @0x0059f30b-0x0059f345);
    // the punch pass runs with nothing of THIS building's own queued yet
    // (the shell is not appended until the whole portal pass completes);
    // the look-in DC turn draws shell-then-contents exactly like an ordinary
    // interior flood; the building's own shell content is appended and
    // flushed only AFTER the portal pass, at frame end; and the punch
    // polygon reaches the leaf renderer transformed building-local ->
    // world. ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    [Fact]
    public void BeginEndFrame_BuildingTurnWithPunchAndLookIn_OrdersAlphaBarrierPortalPassThenShell()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        const ulong shellGfxObj = 0x0200_0010UL;
        const ulong interiorGfxObj = 0x0200_0011UL;
        const ulong dynamicGfxObj = 0x0200_0012UL;
        InjectRenderData(fx.Manager, shellGfxObj, MakeFlatMesh(
            MakeBatch(0x08100010u, TranslucencyKind.Opaque, 0, 0, 3, 1)));
        InjectRenderData(fx.Manager, interiorGfxObj, MakeFlatMesh(
            MakeBatch(0x08100011u, TranslucencyKind.Opaque, 3, 4, 3, 2)));
        InjectRenderData(fx.Manager, dynamicGfxObj, MakeFlatMesh(
            MakeBatch(0x08100012u, TranslucencyKind.Opaque, 6, 8, 3, 3)));

        var ctx = new TestContext();
        var interior = new WalkCell
        {
            CellId = 0x104,
            Portals = [new WalkCellPortal
            {
                OtherCellId = 0xFFFFFFFF, PolygonIndex = 0, PortalSide = 1, OtherPortalId = 0,
            }],
            PortalPolygons = [Quad(-2f)],
        };
        ctx.Cells[interior.CellId] = interior;

        var building = new WalkBuilding
        {
            PositionCellId = 0xA9B4000Fu,
            Portals =
            [
                new WalkBldPortal
                {
                    PortalSide = 0, OtherCellId = 0x104, OtherPortalId = 0,
                    StabList = [0x104u],
                },
            ],
            // Viewpoint (0,0,0) is on the NEGATIVE side of this splitting
            // plane (d=-5): the single PORT node's side==1 arm emits its
            // portal exactly once per pass (WalkBuildingPortals.Walk).
            DrawingBsp = new WalkBspNode
            {
                SplittingPlane = new WalkPlane(new Vector3(1, 0, 0), -5f),
                InPortals = [new WalkPortalRef { PortalIndex = 0, Polygon = Quad(-2f) }],
            },
        };
        ctx.ViewerDistances[building] = 12.5f;

        var worldData = new FakeWorldData();
        worldData.ShellByBuilding[building] = new WalkFrameStaticRecords(
            new[] { MakeRecord(201, 0, Vector3.Zero, [new MeshRef((uint)shellGfxObj, Matrix4x4.Identity)]) }, 0x8C04u);
        worldData.CellStaticsByCell[0x104] = new WalkFrameStaticRecords(
            new[] { MakeRecord(202, 0, Vector3.Zero, [new MeshRef((uint)interiorGfxObj, Matrix4x4.Identity)]) }, 0x8C04u);
        worldData.CellDynamicsByCell[0x104] = new WalkFrameStaticRecords(
            new[] { MakeRecord(203, 0, Vector3.Zero, [new MeshRef((uint)dynamicGfxObj, Matrix4x4.Identity)], parentCellId: 0x104) }, 0x8C04u);
        Matrix4x4 buildingWorld = Matrix4x4.CreateTranslation(10f, 0f, 0f);
        worldData.WorldTransformByBuilding[building] = buildingWorld;

        var leaf = new RecordingLeafRenderer(log);
        var trace = new RecordingTrace(log);
        using ClipFrame clipFrame = ClipFrame.NoClip();
        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(
            fx.Dispatcher, leaf, worldData, trace, clipFrame);
        var walk = new RetailFrameWalk();

        var activeView = new WalkPortalView();
        activeView.ResetForPush();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            activeView, ctx.Rays, ctx.WorldViewpoint, ctx.ViewportWidth, ctx.ViewportHeight);
        Assert.Equal(1, activeView.ViewCount);

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        walk.DrawBuilding(building, activeView, ctx, driver);
        driver.EndFrame();
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        Assert.Equal(
            // Campaign OVERHAUL S2 chunk 6: a building's shell fires no
            // particle turn of its own any more — interior emitters draw at
            // their own cell's CellParticles turn instead.
            new[]
            {
                "ALPHA", "PUNCH:4@v0", "SHELL:00000104",
                "FLUSH:1:LookInStatic", "FLUSH:1:Dynamic",
                "CELL-PARTICLES:00000104",
                "FLUSH:1:BuildingShell",
            },
            log);

        Assert.Equal([0x104u], driver.LookInCellTurns);
        Assert.Equal([0x104u], driver.LookInCells);
        Assert.Collection(
            leaf.Shells,
            shell => Assert.Equal(0x104u, shell));
        WalkPortalView capturedView = ctx.Cells[0x104].PortalViews[0];
        WalkViewPoly capturedPoly = Assert.Single(capturedView.View.Polys);
        Vector2 capturedCenter = Vector2.Zero;
        for (int edge = 0; edge < capturedPoly.VertexCount; edge++)
        {
            capturedCenter += capturedView.View.Vertices[
                capturedPoly.VertexIndex + edge].Point;
        }
        capturedCenter /= capturedPoly.VertexCount;
        Vector3 insideCone = ctx.Rays.RayThrough(capturedCenter.X, capturedCenter.Y);
        Assert.True(driver.SphereVisibleInLookInTurn(
            0, in insideCone, 0.1f));
        Assert.False(driver.SphereVisibleInLookInTurn(
            0, new Vector3(10_000f, 0f, 10f), 0.1f));
        uint clipSlot = Assert.Single(driver.VisibleClipSlotsInLookInTurn(
            0, in insideCone, 0.1f, testSphere: true));
        Assert.NotEqual(0u, clipSlot);
        Assert.Equal(2, clipFrame.SlotCount);

        // The punch polygon reached the leaf renderer in WORLD space: the
        // building-local Quad(-2f) vertex (-0.5,-0.5,-2) translates by
        // (10,0,0) under the caller-supplied building world transform.
        WalkPolygon punch = Assert.Single(leaf.Punches);
        Assert.Equal(new Vector3(9.5f, -0.5f, -2f), punch.Vertices[0]);

        List<GpuRecordedMultiDrawIndirect> mdiCalls =
            [.. fx.Device.Calls.OfType<GpuRecordedMultiDrawIndirect>()];
        Assert.Equal(3, mdiCalls.Count);
        Assert.Equal(3, mdiCalls.Sum(c => (int)c.DrawCount));
    }

    [Fact]
    public void RepeatedFloodTurns_DrawEnvCellShellWholeOncePerRetailFrameStamp()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        var leaf = new RecordingLeafRenderer(log);
        var ctx = new TestContext();
        const uint cellId = 0xF4180112u;
        var cell = new WalkCell { CellId = cellId };
        cell.PushView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            cell.TopView,
            ctx.Rays,
            ctx.WorldViewpoint,
            ctx.ViewportWidth,
            ctx.ViewportHeight);
        ctx.Cells[cellId] = cell;

        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(
            fx.Dispatcher,
            leaf,
            new FakeWorldData());
        IWalkEventSink sink = driver;

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        // Neither call models a surviving exit view (ov==0 both times — no
        // WalkEvent.Landscape turn ran in this synthetic double-entry
        // scenario), so per S3 §8.1 R3 the device-stamp advance never fires
        // from either call: this isolates the frame-stamp shell dedup from
        // the landscape-flush/clear/seal gate entirely.
        sink.OnInteriorFloodDrawTurn([cellId], outsideViewCount: 0);
        sink.OnInteriorFloodDrawTurn([cellId], outsideViewCount: 0);
        driver.EndFrame();
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        Assert.Equal([cellId], leaf.Shells);
        Assert.Equal(1, log.Count(entry => entry == "SHELL:f4180112"));
        Assert.Equal(0, log.Count(entry => entry == "LFLUSH"));
        Assert.Equal(0, log.Count(entry => entry == "CLEAR"));
        Assert.Equal(0, log.Count(entry => entry == "SEALS"));
        Assert.Equal(0, driver.PortalsDrawnCount);
    }

    // Campaign OVERHAUL S2 chunk 6 pin — the portal-haze bug this chunk
    // fixes: a hidden/suspended owner (a portalling player materializing
    // into its arrival cell) publishes NO registry rows there, so
    // GetCellStatics/GetCellDynamics report empty records for that cell —
    // yet retail's CPhysicsObj::add_particle_shadow_to_cell (0x00514a70)
    // still draws that owner's emitter at the cell's own object-list turn,
    // because particle draw membership is the emitter's OWN cell, never a
    // registry/owner lookup. The walk must fire the cell's particle turn
    // regardless of whether any static/dynamic record names an owner there.
    [Fact]
    public void EmitCellContentsTurn_FiresCellParticlesEvenWhenTheCellHasNoStaticOrDynamicRecords()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        var leaf = new RecordingLeafRenderer(log);
        var ctx = new TestContext();
        const uint arrivalCellId = 0x8A020141u;
        var arrivalCell = new WalkCell { CellId = arrivalCellId };
        ctx.Cells[arrivalCellId] = arrivalCell;

        // FakeWorldData has NO entry at all for the arrival cell —
        // GetCellStatics/GetCellDynamics both fall back to
        // WalkFrameStaticRecords.Empty, exactly the "hidden owner, no
        // registry rows" scenario.
        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(fx.Dispatcher, leaf, new FakeWorldData());
        IWalkEventSink sink = driver;

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        // No landscape turn modeled here — ov==0.
        sink.OnInteriorFloodDrawTurn([arrivalCellId], outsideViewCount: 0);
        driver.EndFrame();
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        Assert.Contains("CELL-PARTICLES:8a020141", log);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void LandscapeStampBoundary_RearmsWholeShellForPostClearRootRepaint()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        var ctx = new TestContext();
        const uint cellId = 0xF4180112u;
        var cell = new WalkCell { CellId = cellId };
        cell.PushView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            cell.TopView,
            ctx.Rays,
            ctx.WorldViewpoint,
            ctx.ViewportWidth,
            ctx.ViewportHeight);
        ctx.Cells[cellId] = cell;

        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(
            fx.Dispatcher,
            new RecordingLeafRenderer(new List<string>()),
            new FakeWorldData());
        IWalkEventSink sink = driver;

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();

        // R4 (the "first-frame no-clear quirk", pinned explicitly by
        // RunFrame_InteriorFloodWithExitView_FreshDriverSkipsTheGatedClear...):
        // PortalsDrawnCount starts at 0 for a fresh driver, so ITS first
        // ov>0 flood would skip the clear. Prime the counter with one
        // throwaway ov>0 flood (this driver's own exit seals arm it) so the
        // documented scenario below models a STEADY-STATE interior frame,
        // where the clear actually fires.
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        sink.Emit(WalkEvent.Landscape(activeViewCount: 1));
        var primerViews = new WalkPortalView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            primerViews, ctx.Rays, ctx.WorldViewpoint, ctx.ViewportWidth, ctx.ViewportHeight);
        sink.OnLandscapeViews(primerViews);
        sink.OnInteriorFloodDrawTurn([cellId], outsideViewCount: 1);
        driver.EndFrame();
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);
        Assert.Equal(1, driver.PortalsDrawnCount);

        var leaf = new RecordingLeafRenderer(log);
        driver.RebindFrame(leaf, clipFrame: null);
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);

        // LScape::draw has begun. A building look-in reached this cell before
        // PView::DrawCells advances m_nFrameStamp and clears interior depth.
        sink.Emit(WalkEvent.Landscape(activeViewCount: 1));
        var landscapeViews = new WalkPortalView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            landscapeViews,
            ctx.Rays,
            ctx.WorldViewpoint,
            ctx.ViewportWidth,
            ctx.ViewportHeight);
        sink.OnLandscapeViews(landscapeViews);
        sink.OnBuildingTurn(new WalkBuilding());
        sink.Emit(WalkEvent.DrawCells(outsideViewCount: 0, [cellId]));

        // The same shell must draw again after the retail stamp increment and
        // full depth clear; otherwise the pre-clear color survives unpaired
        // with depth and bleeds through the root's walls. ov=1 (the
        // landscape turn above ran), and PortalsDrawnCount is armed from
        // the primer frame's own seals, so the clear actually fires here.
        sink.OnInteriorFloodDrawTurn([cellId], outsideViewCount: 1);
        driver.EndFrame();
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        Assert.Equal([cellId, cellId], leaf.Shells);
        Assert.Equal(2, log.Count(entry => entry == "SHELL:f4180112"));
        Assert.Contains("CLEAR", log);
        Assert.True(
            log.IndexOf("SHELL:f4180112") < log.IndexOf("CLEAR"),
            "The look-in shell must precede the interior clear.");
        Assert.True(
            log.LastIndexOf("SHELL:f4180112") > log.IndexOf("SEALS"),
            "The rearmed root shell must repaint after the clear and seals.");
    }

    // ── Fail-loud: a DrawCells turn with no preceding DrawInside/Building
    // turn is a walk/driver desync, not a silent skip. ─────────────────────

    [Fact]
    public void Emit_DrawCellsBeforeAnyDrawInsideOrBuildingTurn_ThrowsRatherThanSilentlyDropping()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        var ctx = new TestContext();
        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(fx.Dispatcher, new RecordingLeafRenderer(log), new FakeWorldData());

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);

        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(
            () => ((IWalkEventSink)driver).Emit(WalkEvent.DrawCells(0, [0x100u])));
    }

    // ── Fail-loud: BeginFrame is not re-entrant. ────────────────────────────

    [Fact]
    public void BeginFrame_CalledWhileAFrameIsAlreadyOpen_Throws()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        var ctx = new TestContext();
        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(fx.Dispatcher, new RecordingLeafRenderer(log), new FakeWorldData());

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);

        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(
            () => driver.BeginFrame(
                ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero));

        driver.EndFrame();
        // EndFrame cleared the open-frame guard: BeginFrame is usable again.
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        driver.EndFrame();
    }

    // ── Campaign FW3.4a fail-loud: Replay without a completed Collect (no
    // BeginFrame/EndFrame at all, or BeginFrame with no matching EndFrame)
    // has nothing recorded to draw — throw rather than silently drawing
    // nothing, which would look like an empty frame instead of a misuse. ──

    [Fact]
    public void Replay_WithNoPrecedingCollect_Throws()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(fx.Dispatcher, new RecordingLeafRenderer(log), new FakeWorldData());

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass));
    }

    [Fact]
    public void Replay_WhileCollectIsStillOpen_Throws()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        var ctx = new TestContext();
        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(fx.Dispatcher, new RecordingLeafRenderer(log), new FakeWorldData());

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);

        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass));
    }

    // ── Deliverable: Collect + Replay called as the SPLIT PAIR (never
    // RunFrame) — the shape RetailPViewRenderer uses, since it must run other
    // frame work (PrepareCellBatches/BuildAndBorrow) between the two. Proves
    // the pair alone — with no GPU work happening until Replay — reproduces
    // the same turn order RunFrame's combined call would. ──────────────────

    [Fact]
    public void CollectThenReplay_AsSeparateCalls_PerformsNoGpuWorkUntilReplay()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        var ctx = new TestContext();
        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(
            fx.Dispatcher, new RecordingLeafRenderer(log), new FakeWorldData(), new RecordingTrace(log));
        var walk = new RetailFrameWalk();
        // Outdoor root (camera cell low word < 0x100): a minimal, no-op
        // landscape — LScape::draw still runs its sky/terrain turn against
        // it even though nothing is published to walk cells/buildings for.
        var landscape = new WalkLandscape { MidWidth = 1, Blocks = new WalkLandBlock?[1] };

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.Collect(
            walk, cameraCellId: 0u, cameraCell: null, landscape, ctx,
            Matrix4x4.Identity, cameraWorldPosition: Vector3.Zero);

        // No GPU calls at all yet — Collect is CPU-only.
        Assert.Empty(log);
        Assert.Empty(fx.Device.Calls);

        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        Assert.Equal(new[] { "SKY" }, log);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void RebindFrame_ReusesTheDriverAndRoutesTheNextFrameToTheNewLeaf()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var firstLog = new List<string>();
        var secondLog = new List<string>();
        var ctx = new TestContext();
        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(
            fx.Dispatcher, new RecordingLeafRenderer(firstLog), new FakeWorldData());
        var walk = new RetailFrameWalk();
        var landscape = new WalkLandscape { MidWidth = 1, Blocks = new WalkLandBlock?[1] };

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.Collect(
            walk, 0u, null, landscape, ctx,
            Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        driver.RebindFrame(new RecordingLeafRenderer(secondLog), clipFrame: null);
        driver.Collect(
            walk, 0u, null, landscape, ctx,
            Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        Assert.Equal(new[] { "SKY" }, firstLog);
        Assert.Equal(new[] { "SKY" }, secondLog);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void RebindFrame_DiscardsAnIncompletePriorFrameAndRecovers()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        var ctx = new TestContext();
        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(
            fx.Dispatcher, new RecordingLeafRenderer(new List<string>()), new FakeWorldData());
        var walk = new RetailFrameWalk();
        var landscape = new WalkLandscape { MidWidth = 1, Blocks = new WalkLandBlock?[1] };

        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        driver.RebindFrame(new RecordingLeafRenderer(log), clipFrame: null);

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.Collect(
            walk, 0u, null, landscape, ctx,
            Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        Assert.Equal(new[] { "SKY" }, log);
    }

    // ── Deliverable: an outdoor landscape-cell turn with no building appends
    // straight to the stream (no shell call — outdoor cells have no EnvCell
    // shell), and the accumulated content flushes at frame end. ───────────

    [Fact]
    public void OnLandscapeCellTurn_AppendsOutdoorStaticsWithNoShellCallAndFlushesAtFrameEnd()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        const ulong gfxObj = 0x0200_0020UL;
        InjectRenderData(fx.Manager, gfxObj, MakeFlatMesh(
            MakeBatch(0x08100020u, TranslucencyKind.Opaque, 0, 0, 3, 1)));

        var ctx = new TestContext();
        var worldData = new FakeWorldData();
        worldData.OutdoorStaticsByCell[0x8C040005u] = new WalkFrameStaticRecords(
            new[] { MakeRecord(301, 0, Vector3.Zero, [new MeshRef((uint)gfxObj, Matrix4x4.Identity)]) }, 0x8C04u);
        worldData.OutdoorDynamicsByCell[0x8C040005u] = new WalkFrameStaticRecords(
            new[] { MakeRecord(302, 0x50000001, Vector3.Zero, [new MeshRef((uint)gfxObj, Matrix4x4.Identity)]) }, 0x8C04u);

        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(
            fx.Dispatcher, new RecordingLeafRenderer(log), worldData, new RecordingTrace(log));

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        var activeViews = new WalkPortalView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            activeViews,
            ctx.Rays,
            ctx.WorldViewpoint,
            ctx.ViewportWidth,
            ctx.ViewportHeight);
        ((IWalkEventSink)driver).OnLandscapeViews(activeViews);
        ((IWalkEventSink)driver).OnLandscapeCellTurn(0x8C040005u);
        Assert.Empty(log);   // no GPU work at Collect time; nothing recorded to the log yet
        driver.EndFrame();
        Assert.Empty(log);   // still nothing — EndFrame closes Collect, it does not Replay
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        // FW4 #132 positional invariant: the cell's emitters submit at its
        // own landscape turn, after its meshes flush. Campaign OVERHAUL S2
        // chunk 6: the leaf draws by CELL, not by owner set.
        Assert.Equal(
            new[] { "FLUSH:2:OutdoorStatic,Dynamic", "PARTICLES:8c040005" },
            log);
        var visibleCells = new HashSet<uint> { 0xDEAD_BEEFu };
        driver.CopyVisibleCellsTo(visibleCells);
        Assert.Equal(new[] { 0x8C040005u }, visibleCells);
        GpuRecordedMultiDrawIndirect[] mdi =
            fx.Device.Calls.OfType<GpuRecordedMultiDrawIndirect>().ToArray();
        Assert.Equal(2, mdi.Length);
        Assert.Equal(2u, mdi.Aggregate(0u, static (sum, call) => sum + call.DrawCount));
    }

    // Campaign OVERHAUL S2 chunk 6: the mesh-dedup shape (a shadow alias's
    // record entering two landscape cells' dictionaries) is a MESH-only
    // concern — retail's per-part render membership is whole-object per
    // cell. Particles are NOT part of that alias: an emitter owns exactly
    // one shadow in its own current cell (add_particle_shadow_to_cell
    // 0x00514a70), so each VISITED landscape cell fires its own independent
    // StaticParticles turn with no cross-cell dedupe needed or performed.
    [Fact]
    public void OnLandscapeCellTurn_MultiCellShadowAlias_DrawsMeshOnceButParticlesPerVisitedCell()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        const ulong gfxObj = 0x0200_0021UL;
        InjectRenderData(fx.Manager, gfxObj, MakeFlatMesh(
            MakeBatch(0x08100021u, TranslucencyKind.Opaque, 0, 0, 3, 1)));

        var ctx = new TestContext();
        var worldData = new FakeWorldData();
        RenderProjectionRecord shadowAlias = MakeRecord(
            303,
            0x50000002,
            Vector3.Zero,
            [new MeshRef((uint)gfxObj, Matrix4x4.Identity)]);
        WalkFrameStaticRecords aliases = new(
            new[] { shadowAlias },
            0xF07Fu);
        worldData.OutdoorDynamicsByCell[0xF07F0040u] = aliases;
        worldData.OutdoorDynamicsByCell[0xF0800001u] = aliases;

        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(
            fx.Dispatcher,
            new RecordingLeafRenderer(log),
            worldData,
            new RecordingTrace(log));

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        var activeViews = new WalkPortalView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            activeViews,
            ctx.Rays,
            ctx.WorldViewpoint,
            ctx.ViewportWidth,
            ctx.ViewportHeight);
        ((IWalkEventSink)driver).OnLandscapeViews(activeViews);
        ((IWalkEventSink)driver).OnLandscapeCellTurn(0xF07F0040u);
        ((IWalkEventSink)driver).OnLandscapeCellTurn(0xF0800001u);
        driver.EndFrame();
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        Assert.Equal(
            new[] { "FLUSH:1:Dynamic", "PARTICLES:f07f0040", "PARTICLES:f0800001" },
            log);
        GpuRecordedMultiDrawIndirect[] mdi =
            fx.Device.Calls.OfType<GpuRecordedMultiDrawIndirect>().ToArray();
        Assert.Single(mdi);
        Assert.Equal(1u, mdi[0].DrawCount);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void CoarseLandscapeCellTurn_ExpandsToEveryCoveredAuthoritativeOwnerCell()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        const ulong gfxObj = 0x0200_0022UL;
        InjectRenderData(fx.Manager, gfxObj, MakeFlatMesh(
            MakeBatch(0x08100022u, TranslucencyKind.Opaque, 0, 0, 3, 1)));

        var worldData = new FakeWorldData();
        worldData.OutdoorStaticsByCell[0xE43D0040u] = new WalkFrameStaticRecords(
            new[] { MakeRecord(304, 0, Vector3.Zero, [new MeshRef((uint)gfxObj, Matrix4x4.Identity)]) },
            0xE43Du);
        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(
            fx.Dispatcher,
            new RecordingLeafRenderer(new List<string>()),
            worldData);
        var ctx = new TestContext();

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        var activeViews = new WalkPortalView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            activeViews,
            ctx.Rays,
            ctx.WorldViewpoint,
            ctx.ViewportWidth,
            ctx.ViewportHeight);
        ((IWalkEventSink)driver).OnLandscapeViews(activeViews);
        // A 2x2 coarse grid's cell 3 covers authoritative x/y cells 4..7,
        // including original cell 64. The old cellIndex+1 lookup only asked
        // for ids 1..4 and silently lost this record.
        ((IWalkEventSink)driver).OnLandscapeCellTurn(0xE43DFFFFu, 2, 3);
        driver.EndFrame();
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        Assert.Contains(0xE43D0040u, driver.VisitedLandscapeCellIds);
        GpuRecordedMultiDrawIndirect call = Assert.Single(
            fx.Device.Calls.OfType<GpuRecordedMultiDrawIndirect>());
        Assert.Equal(1u, call.DrawCount);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void Collect_DoesNotExposeNearAlphaToEarlierBuildingBarrier()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        const ulong gfxObj = 0x0200_0023UL;
        InjectRenderData(fx.Manager, gfxObj, MakeFlatMesh(
            MakeBatch(0x08100023u, TranslucencyKind.AlphaBlend, 0, 0, 3, 1)));

        var worldData = new FakeWorldData();
        worldData.OutdoorStaticsByCell[0xE43D0001u] = new WalkFrameStaticRecords(
            new[] { MakeRecord(305, 0, new Vector3(0, 0, -20), [new MeshRef((uint)gfxObj, Matrix4x4.Identity)]) },
            0xE43Du);
        worldData.OutdoorStaticsByCell[0xE43D0002u] = new WalkFrameStaticRecords(
            new[] { MakeRecord(306, 0, new Vector3(0, 0, -2), [new MeshRef((uint)gfxObj, Matrix4x4.Identity)]) },
            0xE43Du);
        var log = new List<string>();
        var leaf = new RecordingLeafRenderer(log, fx.AlphaQueue);
        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(fx.Dispatcher, leaf, worldData);
        var ctx = new TestContext();

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw(beginAlpha: true);
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        var activeViews = new WalkPortalView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            activeViews,
            ctx.Rays,
            ctx.WorldViewpoint,
            ctx.ViewportWidth,
            ctx.ViewportHeight);
        ((IWalkEventSink)driver).OnLandscapeViews(activeViews);
        ((IWalkEventSink)driver).OnLandscapeCellTurn(0xE43D0001u);
        ((IWalkEventSink)driver).OnBuildingTurn(new WalkBuilding());
        ((IWalkEventSink)driver).OnLandscapeCellTurn(0xE43D0002u);
        driver.EndFrame();

        Assert.Equal(0, fx.AlphaQueue.PendingCount);
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        Assert.Equal(new[] { 1 }, leaf.AlphaPendingAtBarrier);
        Assert.Equal(1, fx.AlphaQueue.PendingCount);
    }

    // ── F4(a) (S3 chunk 3 fix round 1 §9.6): an outdoor-root sequence — the
    // LandCell terrain turn precedes its own cell's object-list turn, and
    // (since nothing else intervenes) the whole frame's terrain stays one
    // PENDING batch until Replay's own end. Drives RetailFrameWalk.
    // DrawLandscape directly with a ZERO-view WalkPortalView — the SAME
    // deterministic "CY-only" admission technique RetailFrameWalkTests'
    // own outdoor tests use (a real WalkFrame root's 1-view default quad
    // depends on the production ray-caster's screen geometry, which this
    // suite's synthetic Caster does not model faithfully enough to predict
    // block/cell admission from). A side=1 block's own object-list turn
    // (WalkFrameDriver.OnLandscapeCellTurn's coarse-cell expansion) fires a
    // StaticParticles turn for every one of the underlying 64 owner
    // buckets; marking them all "no emitters" keeps this test's sequence
    // to exactly SKY + one LANDCELL, the same way a genuinely empty turn
    // stays silent (F2). ────────────────────────────────────────────────

    private static IEnumerable<uint> CoarseLandscapeBuckets(uint landblockPrefix)
    {
        for (int x = 0; x < 8; x++)
        for (int y = 0; y < 8; y++)
            yield return landblockPrefix | (uint)(x * 8 + y + 1);
    }

    /// <summary>A ONE-view <see cref="WalkPortalView"/> whose single polygon
    /// has ZERO vertices — <c>WalkLandscape.CheckBlocks</c> reads only
    /// <c>poly.VertexCount</c> to build its edge-plane list, so this reaches
    /// the SAME permissive <c>edgeCount == 0</c> ("CY-only") admission test
    /// RetailFrameWalkTests' own outdoor fixtures use via a bare
    /// zero-VIEW <see cref="WalkPortalView"/> — but with <c>ViewCount == 1</c>,
    /// satisfying <see cref="WalkFrameDriver"/>'s fail-loud
    /// "a Landscape turn needs at least one active view" guard, which a
    /// driver-level test (unlike a bare <c>IWalkEventSink</c> recorder) must
    /// pass through <c>RetailFrameWalk.DrawLandscape</c>'s real
    /// <c>Emit(WalkEvent.Landscape(...))</c> call.</summary>
    private static WalkPortalView OneDegenerateView()
    {
        var view = new WalkPortalView { ViewCount = 1 };
        view.View.Polys.Add(new WalkViewPoly(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0));
        return view;
    }

    [Fact]
    public void OutdoorRoot_LandCellPrecedesItsOwnCellsObjectTurn_ThenFlushesAtReplaysEnd()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        var leaf = new RecordingLeafRenderer(log);
        // Every covered bucket but ONE reports no renderable emitter, so the
        // block's object turns submit nothing (no flush) except bucket
        // 0xF4180001, whose particle turn is a real submission — it must land
        // AFTER the coarse cell's own terrain (retail DrawLandCell → DrawSortCell).
        leaf.CellsWithoutEmitters.UnionWith(CoarseLandscapeBuckets(0xF4180000u));
        leaf.CellsWithoutEmitters.Remove(0xF4180001u);
        var ctx = new TestContext();
        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(fx.Dispatcher, leaf, new FakeWorldData());
        var walk = new RetailFrameWalk();
        var landscape = new WalkLandscape { MidWidth = 1, Blocks = new WalkLandBlock?[1] };
        var block = new WalkLandBlock
        {
            LandblockId = 0xF4180000u, SideCellCount = 1, MaxZ = 10f, MinZ = 0f,
        };
        block.EnsureCellArrays();
        landscape.Blocks[0] = block;

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        walk.DrawLandscape(landscape, OneDegenerateView(), ctx, driver);
        driver.EndFrame();
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        Assert.Equal(new[] { "SKY", "LANDCELL:f4180000:1:0", "PARTICLES:f4180001" }, log);
        Assert.Equal(new (uint LandblockId, int SideCellCount, int CellIndex)[] { (0xF4180000u, 1, 0) },
            Assert.Single(leaf.LandCellBatches));
    }

    // ── F4(b) (S3 chunk 3 fix round 1 §9.6): an interior root with one
    // surviving exit view — the SAME fixture as
    // RunFrame_InteriorFloodWithExitView_FreshDriverSkipsTheGatedClearThenDrawsSealsAndFloodCells
    // above, with one populated land block added to the (previously
    // unpublished) landscape. Sequence: SKY, LANDCELL…, LFLUSH, SEALS,
    // SHELL… — the LandCell terrain turn(s) drawn through the interior
    // root's own exit view precede the landscape-flush/seal/flood-cell
    // turns, exactly like the outdoor case above. ────────────────────────

    [Fact]
    public void InteriorRootWithExitView_DrawsLandCellThroughTheExitViewBeforeFlushSealsAndFlood()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        const ulong gfxObjA = 0x0200_0025UL;
        const ulong gfxObjB = 0x0200_0026UL;
        InjectRenderData(fx.Manager, gfxObjA, MakeFlatMesh(
            MakeBatch(0x08100025u, TranslucencyKind.Opaque, 0, 0, 3, 1)));
        InjectRenderData(fx.Manager, gfxObjB, MakeFlatMesh(
            MakeBatch(0x08100026u, TranslucencyKind.Opaque, 3, 4, 3, 2)));

        var ctx = new TestContext();
        var cell1 = new WalkCell
        {
            CellId = 0x100,
            StabList = [0x101u],
            Portals =
            [
                new WalkCellPortal
                {
                    OtherCellId = 0x101, PolygonIndex = 0, PortalSide = 0, OtherPortalId = 0,
                },
                // The exit portal (retail's "world beyond the door") — this
                // is what raises ov to 1 and drives the landscape (and now
                // its own LandCell turns) before clear+seals+the flood cells.
                new WalkCellPortal
                {
                    OtherCellId = 0xFFFFFFFF, PolygonIndex = 1, PortalSide = 0, OtherPortalId = -1,
                },
            ],
            PortalPolygons = [Quad(-2f), Quad(-3f)],
        };
        var cell2 = new WalkCell
        {
            CellId = 0x101,
            Portals = [new WalkCellPortal
            {
                OtherCellId = 0x100, PolygonIndex = 0, PortalSide = 1, OtherPortalId = 0,
            }],
            PortalPolygons = [Quad(-2f)],
        };
        ctx.Cells[cell1.CellId] = cell1;
        ctx.Cells[cell2.CellId] = cell2;

        var worldData = new FakeWorldData();
        worldData.CellStaticsByCell[0x100] = new WalkFrameStaticRecords(
            new[] { MakeRecord(101, 0, Vector3.Zero, [new MeshRef((uint)gfxObjA, Matrix4x4.Identity)]) }, 0x8C04u);
        worldData.CellStaticsByCell[0x101] = new WalkFrameStaticRecords(
            new[] { MakeRecord(102, 0, Vector3.Zero, [new MeshRef((uint)gfxObjB, Matrix4x4.Identity)]) }, 0x8C04u);

        var leaf = new RecordingLeafRenderer(log);
        leaf.CellsWithoutEmitters.UnionWith(CoarseLandscapeBuckets(0xF4180000u));
        var trace = new RecordingTrace(log);
        using ClipFrame clipFrame = ClipFrame.NoClip();
        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(
            fx.Dispatcher, leaf, worldData, trace, clipFrame);
        var walk = new RetailFrameWalk();
        // The same 1x1 landscape RunFrame_InteriorFloodWithExitView... uses,
        // but with a real block published in its one slot so the exit view
        // has something to admit.
        var landscape = new WalkLandscape { MidWidth = 1, Blocks = new WalkLandBlock?[1] };
        var block = new WalkLandBlock
        {
            LandblockId = 0xF4180000u, SideCellCount = 1, MaxZ = 10f, MinZ = 0f,
        };
        block.EnsureCellArrays();
        landscape.Blocks[0] = block;

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.RunFrame(
            walk, cameraCellId: cell1.CellId, cameraCell: cell1, landscape: landscape,
            ctx, draw.Frame, draw.Pass, Matrix4x4.Identity, cameraWorldPosition: Vector3.Zero);

        Assert.Equal(
            new[]
            {
                "SKY", "LANDCELL:f4180000:1:0", "LFLUSH", "SEALS",
                "SHELL:00000101", "SHELL:00000100",
                "FLUSH:1:CellStatic", "CELL-PARTICLES:00000101",
                "FLUSH:1:CellStatic", "CELL-PARTICLES:00000100",
            },
            log);
    }

    // ── T4 (S3 chunk 3 §9.3), re-expressed for fix round 1's F2 rule
    // (§9.6 F4c), then again for fix round 2's F10 rule (§9.7 F12): the
    // batch is a single PENDING list Replay keeps across the WHOLE frame.
    // Two LandCell turns of DIFFERENT landblocks merge into ONE
    // DrawLandCellBatch call across EITHER of two things that used to (or,
    // for a real StreamMark, still might look like they should) split it:
    // an intervening EMPTY particle turn (F2, unchanged) AND an intervening
    // StreamMark from a cell that DOES grow the stream but has no
    // renderable emitter of its own (F10, new — proves the split doesn't
    // come back just because content was appended). A cell with BOTH real
    // stream content AND a renderable emitter still splits, because its
    // StaticParticles turn itself is a flush point (F10) — the split just
    // no longer comes from the StreamMark that precedes it. A building's
    // own alpha barrier and its portal pass's punch fan each split too
    // (F10: both remain flush points). ─────────────────────────────────────

    [Fact]
    public void OnLandCellTurn_MergesAcrossLandblocksOverStreamMarksAndEmptyParticleTurns_RealFlushPointsSplit()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        const ulong gfxObj = 0x0200_0024UL;
        InjectRenderData(fx.Manager, gfxObj, MakeFlatMesh(
            MakeBatch(0x08100024u, TranslucencyKind.Opaque, 0, 0, 3, 1)));

        var worldData = new FakeWorldData();
        // Has REAL stream content (so its own turn records a genuine
        // StreamMark event) but NO renderable emitter — the F10 case: the
        // StreamMark must not split the pending terrain batch even though
        // the ordered stream visibly grew.
        worldData.OutdoorStaticsByCell[0xAAAA0002u] = new WalkFrameStaticRecords(
            new[] { MakeRecord(311, 0, Vector3.Zero, [new MeshRef((uint)gfxObj, Matrix4x4.Identity)]) },
            0xAAAAu);
        // Has real stream content AND a renderable emitter (default) — its
        // StaticParticles turn is itself a flush point.
        worldData.OutdoorStaticsByCell[0xBBBB0002u] = new WalkFrameStaticRecords(
            new[] { MakeRecord(310, 0, Vector3.Zero, [new MeshRef((uint)gfxObj, Matrix4x4.Identity)]) },
            0xBBBBu);

        var log = new List<string>();
        var leaf = new RecordingLeafRenderer(log);
        // The 0xAAAA0001 particle turn has no world-data records AND is
        // marked without emitters -> a genuinely empty turn (F2, unchanged).
        // 0xAAAA0002 has world-data records (grows the stream, so Collect
        // records a real StreamMark) but is ALSO marked without emitters ->
        // the F10 case. 0xBBBB0002 keeps the default "has emitters".
        leaf.CellsWithoutEmitters.Add(0xAAAA0001u);
        leaf.CellsWithoutEmitters.Add(0xAAAA0002u);
        var ctx = new TestContext();
        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(fx.Dispatcher, leaf, worldData, new RecordingTrace(log));
        IWalkEventSink sink = driver;

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        // A REAL full-viewport landscape view: with an empty view the classifier
        // admits nothing, the stream never grows, and no StreamMark ever fires
        // (the round-2 review caught exactly that vacuity).
        var landscapeViews = new WalkPortalView();
        WalkCopyView.AppendFullViewportQuad(
            landscapeViews, ctx.Rays, ctx.WorldViewpoint, ctx.ViewportWidth, ctx.ViewportHeight);
        sink.OnLandscapeViews(landscapeViews);

        sink.OnLandCellTurn(0xF4180000u, 8, 0);   // landblock A
        sink.OnLandscapeCellTurn(0xAAAA0001u);    // empty particle turn: no growth, no emitters -> no submit, no flush (F2)
        sink.OnLandCellTurn(0xF3180000u, 8, 0);   // landblock B, DIFFERENT -> still merges (F2)

        sink.OnLandscapeCellTurn(0xAAAA0002u);    // grows the stream (a real StreamMark fires) but no emitters -> the StreamMark does NOT flush (F10), and the particle turn doesn't either
        sink.OnLandCellTurn(0xF2180001u, 8, 0);   // landblock C -> still merges straight across that StreamMark (F10)

        sink.OnLandscapeCellTurn(0xBBBB0002u);    // grows the stream too, but HAS emitters (default) -> its StaticParticles turn flushes (F10), not the StreamMark ahead of it

        sink.OnLandCellTurn(0xF3180000u, 8, 1);   // new batch, started after that flush

        sink.OnBuildingTurn(new WalkBuilding());   // the building's own alpha barrier flushes (F10)

        sink.OnLandCellTurn(0xF2180000u, 8, 0);   // new batch

        sink.OnPunchGeometry(new WalkBuilding(), Quad(0f), 0); // the portal pass's punch fan flushes (F10)

        sink.OnLandCellTurn(0xF1180000u, 8, 0);   // final batch, flushed at Replay's own end
        driver.EndFrame();
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        Assert.Equal(
            new[]
            {
                "FLUSH:1:OutdoorStatic",   // 0xAAAA0002's statics: the StreamMark draws its range but does NOT flush the terrain batch (F10)
                "FLUSH:1:OutdoorStatic",   // 0xBBBB0002's statics: same
                "LANDCELL:f4180000:8:0,f3180000:8:0,f2180001:8:0",
                "PARTICLES:bbbb0002",
                "LANDCELL:f3180000:8:1",
                "ALPHA",
                "LANDCELL:f2180000:8:0",
                "PUNCH:4@v0",
                "LANDCELL:f1180000:8:0",
            },
            log);
        Assert.DoesNotContain("PARTICLES:aaaa0001", log);
        Assert.DoesNotContain("PARTICLES:aaaa0002", log);
        // Two genuine StreamMarks fired (the ordered stream grew twice) — the
        // F10 rule is exercised, not assumed.
        Assert.Equal(2, log.Count(entry => entry.StartsWith("FLUSH:", StringComparison.Ordinal)));
        Assert.Equal(4, leaf.LandCellBatches.Count);
        Assert.Equal(
            new (uint LandblockId, int SideCellCount, int CellIndex)[]
            {
                (0xF4180000u, 8, 0), (0xF3180000u, 8, 0), (0xF2180001u, 8, 0),
            },
            leaf.LandCellBatches[0]);
        Assert.Equal(
            new (uint LandblockId, int SideCellCount, int CellIndex)[] { (0xF3180000u, 8, 1) },
            leaf.LandCellBatches[1]);
        Assert.Equal(
            new (uint LandblockId, int SideCellCount, int CellIndex)[] { (0xF2180000u, 8, 0) },
            leaf.LandCellBatches[2]);
        Assert.Equal(
            new (uint LandblockId, int SideCellCount, int CellIndex)[] { (0xF1180000u, 8, 0) },
            leaf.LandCellBatches[3]);
    }

    // ── New punch-order pin (S3 chunk 3 fix round 2, §9.7 F12): a
    // PunchFan flushes the pending terrain batch (F10 — PunchFan's
    // DEPTHTEST_ALWAYS + write is exactly the ordering this chunk exists to
    // preserve, §9.1 R4). LandCell(far), a building turn whose portal pass
    // emits a PunchFan, LandCell(near) -> the leaf log reads
    // LANDCELL(far batch), PUNCH, LANDCELL(near batch): the far terrain is
    // flushed and drawn BEFORE the punch stamps its far-Z, and the near
    // terrain starts a NEW batch drawn strictly AFTER it — so the nearer
    // terrain still overwrites the punched depth, exactly as retail's own
    // interleave requires. ──────────────────────────────────────────────────

    [Fact]
    public void OnPunchGeometry_FlushesPendingTerrainBatch_FarTerrainBeforePunchNearTerrainAfter()
    {
        using var fx = new DispatcherFixture();
        var log = new List<string>();
        var leaf = new RecordingLeafRenderer(log);
        var ctx = new TestContext();
        var driver = new WalkFrameDriver(fx.Dispatcher, leaf, new FakeWorldData());
        IWalkEventSink sink = driver;

        using DrawScope draw = fx.BeginDraw();
        driver.BeginFrame(ctx, Matrix4x4.Identity, Vector3.Zero);
        sink.OnLandscapeViews(new WalkPortalView());

        sink.OnLandCellTurn(0xF4180000u, 8, 0);   // far land cell
        sink.OnPunchGeometry(new WalkBuilding(), Quad(0f), 0); // the building's far-Z punch
        sink.OnLandCellTurn(0xF4180000u, 8, 1);   // near land cell (same landblock — the point is ORDER, not the landblock key)
        driver.EndFrame();
        driver.Replay(draw.Frame, draw.Pass);

        Assert.Equal(
            new[]
            {
                "LANDCELL:f4180000:8:0",
                "PUNCH:4@v0",
                "LANDCELL:f4180000:8:1",
            },
            log);
    }

    // ── Fixture (mirrors WalkStaticStreamPopulatorTests' DispatcherFixture —
    // FW3.2a's own referee) ─────────────────────────────────────────────────

    private static RenderProjectionRecord MakeRecord(
        uint localEntityId,
        uint serverGuid,
        Vector3 position,
        IReadOnlyList<MeshRef> meshRefs,
        bool isBuildingShell = false,
        uint parentCellId = 0u) =>
        new(
            Id: RenderProjectionId.FromRaw(localEntityId),
            ProjectionClass: RenderProjectionClass.OutdoorStatic,
            OwnerIncarnation: RenderOwnerIncarnation.FromRaw(1),
            Transform: new RenderTransform(Matrix4x4.CreateTranslation(position)),
            PreviousTransform: default,
            MeshSet: default,
            Material: default,
            Residency: default,
            Bounds: default,
            Flags: RenderProjectionFlags.Draw,
            DegradeState: default,
            SortKey: new RenderSortKey(0),
            DirtyMask: default,
            Source: new RenderSourceMetadata(
                LocalEntityId: localEntityId,
                ServerGuid: serverGuid,
                SourceId: 0,
                ParentCellId: parentCellId,
                EffectCellId: 0,
                BuildingShellAnchorCellId: 0,
                TransformFingerprint: default,
                GeometryFingerprint: default,
                AppearanceFingerprint: default),
            EntityPayload: new RenderEntityPayload(
                MeshRefs: meshRefs,
                PaletteOverride: null,
                IsBuildingShell: isBuildingShell));

    private static ObjectRenderBatch MakeBatch(
        uint surfaceId,
        TranslucencyKind translucency,
        uint firstIndex,
        int baseVertex,
        int indexCount,
        uint textureSlotIndex,
        uint textureLayer = 0,
        CullMode cullMode = CullMode.CounterClockwise) =>
        new()
        {
            Key = new TextureKey { SurfaceId = surfaceId, IsSolid = false },
            Translucency = translucency,
            FirstIndex = firstIndex,
            BaseVertex = (uint)baseVertex,
            IndexCount = indexCount,
            TextureSlot = new GpuTextureSlot(textureSlotIndex),
            TextureIndex = (int)textureLayer,
        };

    private static ObjectRenderData MakeFlatMesh(params ObjectRenderBatch[] batches) =>
        new() { Batches = new List<ObjectRenderBatch>(batches) };

    private static void InjectRenderData(ObjectMeshManager manager, ulong id, ObjectRenderData data)
    {
        FieldInfo field = typeof(ObjectMeshManager).GetField(
            "_renderData", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)
            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException(
                "ObjectMeshManager._renderData field not found — test relies on this exact name.");
        var dict = (ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, ObjectRenderData>)field.GetValue(manager)!;
        dict[id] = data;
    }

    private readonly struct DrawScope : IDisposable
    {
        private readonly IDisposable _publication;
        private readonly IGpuPassEncoder _pass;
        private readonly RetailAlphaQueue? _alpha;

        public DrawScope(
            IGpuFrame frame,
            IGpuPassEncoder pass,
            IDisposable publication,
            RetailAlphaQueue? alpha = null)
        {
            Frame = frame;
            _pass = pass;
            _publication = publication;
            _alpha = alpha;
        }

        public IGpuFrame Frame { get; }

        public IGpuPassEncoder Pass => _pass;

        public void Dispose()
        {
            if (_alpha?.IsCollecting == true)
                _alpha.EndFrame();
            _publication.Dispose();
            _pass.Dispose();
        }
    }

    private sealed class DispatcherFixture : IDisposable
    {
        private readonly WbMeshAdapter _meshAdapter;
        private readonly TextureCache _textures;

        public DispatcherFixture()
        {
            Device = new RecordingGpuDevice();
            FrameLifetime = new GpuDeviceFrameLifetime(Device);
            Scope = new VulkanWorldPassScope(sampleCount: 1);
            _textures = new TextureCache(Device, new NoopDatReaderWriter());
            _meshAdapter = new WbMeshAdapter(
                Device,
                new NoopDatReaderWriter(),
                new NullPreparedAssetSource(),
                NullLogger<WbMeshAdapter>.Instance,
                Device.Retirement);
            var entitySpawnAdapter = new EntitySpawnAdapter(
                _textures,
                _ => throw new NotSupportedException("Not exercised by these tests."));

            Dispatcher = new WbDrawDispatcher(
                Device,
                FrameLifetime,
                Scope,
                _textures,
                _meshAdapter,
                entitySpawnAdapter,
                new EntityClassificationCache(),
                new AcDream.Core.Rendering.TranslucencyFadeManager(),
                alphaQueue: AlphaQueue);
        }

        public RecordingGpuDevice Device { get; }

        public GpuDeviceFrameLifetime FrameLifetime { get; }

        public VulkanWorldPassScope Scope { get; }

        public WbDrawDispatcher Dispatcher { get; }

        public RetailAlphaQueue AlphaQueue { get; } = new();

        public ObjectMeshManager Manager => _meshAdapter.MeshManager!;

        public DrawScope BeginDraw(bool beginAlpha = false)
        {
            if (beginAlpha)
            {
                Dispatcher.BeginFrame(frameSlot: 0);
                AlphaQueue.BeginFrame();
            }
            FrameLifetime.BeginFrame();
            IGpuFrame frame = FrameLifetime.CurrentFrame!;
            IGpuPassEncoder pass = frame.BeginPass(
                GpuPassDescription.BackbufferClear(
                    "fw3-2b-1-walk-frame-driver-test", Vector4.Zero, sampleCount: 1));
            IDisposable publication = Scope.Publish(pass);
            Device.Clear();
            return new DrawScope(
                frame,
                pass,
                publication,
                beginAlpha ? AlphaQueue : null);
        }

        public void Dispose()
        {
            if (AlphaQueue.IsCollecting)
                AlphaQueue.AbortFrame();
            Dispatcher.Dispose();
            _meshAdapter.Dispose();
            _textures.Dispose();
            Device.Dispose();
        }
    }

    private sealed class NullPreparedAssetSource : IPreparedAssetSource
    {
        public PreparedAssetSourceStats Stats => default;

        public CacheStats DecodedTextureCacheStats => default;

        public PreparedAssetPresence Probe(
            AcDream.Content.Pak.PakAssetType type,
            uint sourceFileId) =>
            PreparedAssetPresence.Missing;

        public PreparedAssetReadResult Read(
            in PreparedAssetRequest request,
            CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) =>
            PreparedAssetReadResult.Missing;

        public void Dispose()
        {
        }
    }

    private sealed class NoopDatReaderWriter : IDatReaderWriter
    {
        private readonly StubDatabase _portal = new();
        private readonly StubDatabase _highRes = new();
        private readonly StubDatabase _language = new();
        private readonly StubDatabase _cell = new();

        public string SourceDirectory => string.Empty;

        public IDatDatabase Portal => _portal;

        public IDatDatabase Cell => _cell;

        public ReadOnlyDictionary<uint, IDatDatabase> CellRegions { get; } =
            new(new Dictionary<uint, IDatDatabase>());

        public IDatDatabase HighRes => _highRes;

        public IDatDatabase Language => _language;

        public IDatDatabase Local => _language;

        public ReadOnlyDictionary<uint, uint> RegionFileMap { get; } =
            new(new Dictionary<uint, uint>());

        public int PortalIteration => 0;

        public int CellIteration => 0;

        public int HighResIteration => 0;

        public int LanguageIteration => 0;

        public bool TryGetFileBytes(
            uint regionId,
            uint fileId,
            ref byte[] bytes,
            out int bytesRead)
        {
            bytesRead = 0;
            return false;
        }

        public IEnumerable<uint> GetAllIdsOfType<T>() where T : IDBObj =>
            Array.Empty<uint>();

        public IEnumerable<IDatReaderWriter.IdResolution> ResolveId(uint id) =>
            Array.Empty<IDatReaderWriter.IdResolution>();

        public bool TrySave<T>(T obj, int iteration = 0) where T : IDBObj =>
            throw new NotSupportedException();

        public bool TrySave<T>(
            uint regionId,
            T obj,
            int iteration = 0) where T : IDBObj =>
            throw new NotSupportedException();

        [return: MaybeNull]
        public T Get<T>(uint fileId) where T : IDBObj => default;

        public bool TryGet<T>(
            uint fileId,
            [MaybeNullWhen(false)] out T value) where T : IDBObj
        {
            value = default;
            return false;
        }

        public void Dispose()
        {
        }

        private sealed class StubDatabase : IDatDatabase
        {
            public DatDatabase Db => throw new NotSupportedException();

            public int Iteration => 0;

            public IEnumerable<uint> GetAllIdsOfType<T>() where T : IDBObj =>
                Array.Empty<uint>();

            public bool TryGet<T>(
                uint fileId,
                [MaybeNullWhen(false)] out T value) where T : IDBObj
            {
                value = default;
                return false;
            }

            public bool TryGetFileBytes(
                uint fileId,
                [MaybeNullWhen(false)] out byte[] value)
            {
                value = null;
                return false;
            }

            public bool TryGetFileBytes(
                uint fileId,
                ref byte[] bytes,
                out int bytesRead)
            {
                bytesRead = 0;
                return false;
            }

            public bool TrySave<T>(T obj, int iteration = 0) where T : IDBObj =>
                throw new NotSupportedException();

            public void Dispose()
            {
            }
        }
    }
}