using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Numerics;

namespace AcDream.App.Rendering;

/// <summary>
/// T3 (BR-5): the port of retail's <c>Render::viewconeCheck</c> (Ghidra
/// 0x0054c250) — meshes (characters, statics, emitters) are CULLED per portal
/// view by a bounding-sphere test against the view's edge planes, never
/// clipped. Retail stores each view vertex with its 3D eye-edge plane
/// (<c>view_vertex { Vec2D pt; Plane plane }</c>, acclient.h:32483) and tests
/// the object's drawing sphere against the installed view's plane set;
/// OUTSIDE → skipped (RenderDeviceD3D::DrawMesh per-view loop pc:429290-429310,
/// and the DrawCells per-cell object epilogue, Ghidra 0x005a4840).
///
/// <para>Our views are clip-space half-planes (≤8 per slice,
/// <see cref="ClipPlaneSet"/> output: (nx,ny,0,d) satisfied when
/// nx·Cx + ny·Cy + d·Cw ≥ 0 for clip-space C). Lifting one to world space —
/// the view_vertex.plane analog, a plane through the EYE and the view edge —
/// is one matrix fold: with row-vector convention (System.Numerics),
/// C = world·VP, so C·P = world·(VP·P); L = VP·P (rows of VP dotted with P)
/// is the world-space homogeneous half-plane. Sphere-vs-half-plane keeps the
/// sphere when L.xyz·c + L.w ≥ −r·|L.xyz| (not entirely outside).</para>
///
/// <para>A sphere is visible through a SLICE when it is not entirely outside
/// any of the slice's planes (convex region); visible for a CELL when any of
/// the cell's slices passes. A slice with zero planes is pass-all (the
/// NoClipSlice / full-screen outdoor case). A cell with no views culls — in
/// retail an object whose cell is not in the draw list is simply never
/// reached.</para>
/// </summary>
public sealed class ViewconeCuller
{
    private const int MaxRetainedCellPlaneSets = 512;
    private const int MaxRetainedPlanesPerCell = 256;
    private const int MaxRetainedSlicesPerCell = 64;

    private readonly Dictionary<uint, PlaneSet> _cellPlanes = new();
    private readonly Stack<PlaneSet> _planeSetPool = new();
    private PlaneSet _outsidePlanes = new();

    private readonly record struct SliceRange(int Start, int Count);
    private readonly record struct LiftedPlane(Vector4 Equation, float NormalLength);

    /// <summary>
    /// Contiguous per-cell plane storage. Reusing two Lists per visible cell
    /// avoids rebuilding a jagged array graph on every render frame while
    /// retaining the exact slice boundaries used by retail's any-view test.
    /// </summary>
    private sealed class PlaneSet
    {
        public List<LiftedPlane> Planes { get; } = new();
        public List<SliceRange> Slices { get; } = new();

        public bool IsRetainable =>
            Planes.Capacity <= MaxRetainedPlanesPerCell
            && Slices.Capacity <= MaxRetainedSlicesPerCell;

        public void Reset()
        {
            Planes.Clear();
            Slices.Clear();
        }
    }

    /// <summary>True when the outside view is a full-screen pass-all (the
    /// synthetic outdoor root) — every outside-test passes.</summary>
    public bool OutsideIsFullScreen { get; private set; }

    public static ViewconeCuller Build(
        ClipFrameAssembly assembly,
        in Matrix4x4 viewProjection,
        ViewconeCuller? reuse = null)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(assembly);
        var culler = reuse ?? new ViewconeCuller();
        culler.Reset();

        foreach (var (cellId, slices) in assembly.CellIdToViewSlices)
        {
            PlaneSet lifted = culler.RentPlaneSet();
            for (int s = 0; s < slices.Length; s++)
                AppendLiftedSlice(lifted, slices[s].Planes, viewProjection);
            culler._cellPlanes[cellId] = lifted;
        }

        var outside = assembly.OutsideViewSlices;
        bool fullScreen = false;
        for (int s = 0; s < outside.Length; s++)
        {
            AppendLiftedSlice(culler._outsidePlanes, outside[s].Planes, viewProjection);
            if (outside[s].Planes.Length == 0)
                fullScreen = true;
        }
        culler.OutsideIsFullScreen = fullScreen;
        return culler;
    }

    private void Reset()
    {
        foreach (PlaneSet set in _cellPlanes.Values)
        {
            set.Reset();
            if (set.IsRetainable && _planeSetPool.Count < MaxRetainedCellPlaneSets)
                _planeSetPool.Push(set);
        }
        _cellPlanes.Clear();
        if (_outsidePlanes.IsRetainable)
            _outsidePlanes.Reset();
        else
            _outsidePlanes = new PlaneSet();
        OutsideIsFullScreen = false;
    }

    private PlaneSet RentPlaneSet()
    {
        PlaneSet result = _planeSetPool.Count != 0
            ? _planeSetPool.Pop()
            : new PlaneSet();
        result.Reset();
        return result;
    }

    private static void AppendLiftedSlice(
        PlaneSet destination,
        Vector4[] clipPlanes,
        in Matrix4x4 m)
    {
        int start = destination.Planes.Count;
        for (int i = 0; i < clipPlanes.Length; i++)
        {
            var p = clipPlanes[i];
            var equation = new Vector4(
                m.M11 * p.X + m.M12 * p.Y + m.M13 * p.Z + m.M14 * p.W,
                m.M21 * p.X + m.M22 * p.Y + m.M23 * p.Z + m.M24 * p.W,
                m.M31 * p.X + m.M32 * p.Y + m.M33 * p.Z + m.M34 * p.W,
                m.M41 * p.X + m.M42 * p.Y + m.M43 * p.Z + m.M44 * p.W);
            float normalLength = MathF.Sqrt(
                equation.X * equation.X
                + equation.Y * equation.Y
                + equation.Z * equation.Z);
            destination.Planes.Add(new LiftedPlane(equation, normalLength));
        }
        destination.Slices.Add(new SliceRange(start, clipPlanes.Length));
    }

    private static bool SphereInsidePlanes(
        PlaneSet set,
        SliceRange slice,
        in Vector3 center,
        float radius)
    {
        int end = slice.Start + slice.Count;
        for (int i = slice.Start; i < end; i++)
        {
            LiftedPlane plane = set.Planes[i];
            Vector4 l = plane.Equation;
            float nLen = plane.NormalLength;
            if (nLen < 1e-12f)
                continue;   // degenerate plane — no constraint
            float dist = l.X * center.X + l.Y * center.Y + l.Z * center.Z + l.W;
            if (dist < -radius * nLen)
                return false;   // entirely outside this edge plane
        }
        return true;
    }

    /// <summary>Sphere-vs-the-cell's-views: visible when any slice passes.
    /// A cell with no views culls (not in the draw list ⇒ never reached in
    /// retail). A zero-plane slice is pass-all.</summary>
    public bool SphereVisibleInCell(uint cellId, in Vector3 center, float radius)
    {
        if (!_cellPlanes.TryGetValue(cellId, out PlaneSet? set))
            return false;
        for (int s = 0; s < set.Slices.Count; s++)
            if (SphereInsidePlanes(set, set.Slices[s], center, radius))
                return true;
        return false;
    }

    /// <summary>Sphere-vs-the-outside-views (objects in outdoor space seen
    /// from an interior root through doorways; pass-all under the outdoor
    /// root's full-screen outside view).</summary>
    public bool SphereVisibleOutside(in Vector3 center, float radius)
    {
        if (OutsideIsFullScreen)
            return true;
        for (int s = 0; s < _outsidePlanes.Slices.Count; s++)
            if (SphereInsidePlanes(_outsidePlanes, _outsidePlanes.Slices[s], center, radius))
                return true;
        return false;
    }

    /// <summary>Sphere vs ONE outside slice (the landscape pass draws per
    /// slice; its statics pre-filter tests against exactly that slice).</summary>
    public bool SphereVisibleInOutsideSlice(int sliceIndex, in Vector3 center, float radius)
    {
        if ((uint)sliceIndex >= (uint)_outsidePlanes.Slices.Count)
            return false;
        return SphereInsidePlanes(
            _outsidePlanes,
            _outsidePlanes.Slices[sliceIndex],
            center,
            radius);
    }
}