# CA1 — advancement wire protocol + retail recompute chain (Campaign CA oracle)

Assembled 2026-08-24 from two parallel research passes (wire: ACE +
Chorizite + holtburger; recompute: named-retail pseudo-C + live Ghidra
decompiles of the PDB-paired 2013 binary), with every load-bearing claim
independently re-verified before assembly (§0).

## 0. Verification ledger (claims re-checked by hand before use)

| Claim | Verified how | Verdict |
|---|---|---|
| `PrivateUpdateSkill = 0x02DD` (our `PropertyString.cs` comment says 0x02DD is PropertyString) | ACE `GameMessageOpcode.cs`: Skill=0x02DD, **PropertyString=0x02D5** | Agent right; OUR comment wrong (doc-only — nothing dispatches on either id today; fix the comment in CA2) |
| `SkillFormula::Calculate @ 0x00591960` = `floor((x·a1+y·a2+w)/z+0.5)`, `z==0 → 0` | Ghidra decompile, read in full | EXACT — and the `z==0` early-out IS the attribute-less-skill (Salvaging) handling; no special case needed |
| `CACQualities::InqSkill @ 0x00592660` computes LIVE (base formula + ranks + init + augmentation bonuses) | Ghidra decompile, read in full | CONFIRMED — includes the per-skill-group +10 augmentation adds (our #268 family) |
| ACE's `HandleRunRateUpdate` wire effect | `Player.cs:975` read in full | Re-broadcasts the movement packet with new ForwardSpeed when rate changed mid-movement → lands in our existing `UpdateMotion.ForwardSpeed` echo → `ApplyServerRunRate` |
| `PrivateUpdateSkillLevel (0x02DF)` producer | grep ACE Source | NO producer anywhere (opcode-name table only) — vestigial for ACE; CA2 skips the parser |
| Retail formula vs our code | `src/AcDream.App/Net/RetailSkillFormula.cs` | **ALREADY PORTED EXACTLY** (cites 0x00591960; unsigned reinterpretation of DAT signed views; Trained+5/Specialized+10 from CC5-F3). ACE's simplified `AttributeFormula` is NOT in our code path |

**Design verdict binding CA2/CA3:** retail computes skills, vitals maxima
and run rate LIVE at inquiry time; Set* handlers are raw-storage writes;
UI refresh is a value-less observer notification and widgets re-pull.
Therefore acdream's port: inbound parsers write raw stats into the J4
owners, `SkillSnapshot`'s frozen `FormulaBonus` becomes a live computation
against current attributes, and presentation re-reads on the existing
change events. No recompute cascade, no dirty flags, no cached effective
values.

---

# Campaign CA / Slice CA1 — character-advancement wire research

Read-only research. All ACE / Chorizite.ACProtocol / holtburger file:line
citations below point at `references/<repo>/...` **as checked out in the
main repo** (`C:\Users\erikn\source\repos\acdream\references\...`). Those
three reference repos are **not present in this worktree** (they are
untracked/gitignored and worktrees don't get untracked files) — only
`references/WorldBuilder` exists here. When implementing, either read the
main checkout directly or re-verify paths resolve in whatever tree you're
in.

Our existing outbound builder: `src/AcDream.Core.Net/Messages/CharacterActions.cs`
(this worktree). Our existing (partial) inbound parser:
`src/AcDream.Core.Net/Messages/PrivateUpdateVital.cs` (this worktree, vitals only).

---

## 1. Summary opcode table

| Dir | Opcode | Name (ACE) | Name (Chorizite) | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C→S | `0xF7B1` | `GameActionOpcode.GameAction` (envelope) | — | Wraps every GameAction: `u32 opcode=0xF7B1, u32 sequence, u32 subOpcode, ...body` |
| C→S | `0x0044` | `GameActionType.RaiseVital` | `Train_TrainAttribute2nd` | Spend XP to raise a vital |
| C→S | `0x0045` | `GameActionType.RaiseAttribute` | `Train_TrainAttribute` | Spend XP to raise an attribute |
| C→S | `0x0046` | `GameActionType.RaiseSkill` | `Train_TrainSkill` | Spend XP to raise a skill |
| C→S | `0x0047` | `GameActionType.TrainSkill` | `Train_TrainSkillAdvancementClass` | Spend skill credits to train a skill |
| S→C | `0x02CD` | `PrivateUpdatePropertyInt` | `Qualities_PrivateUpdateInt` | `AvailableSkillCredits` after TrainSkill / specialize / untrain / reset |
| S→C | `0x02CF` | `PrivateUpdatePropertyInt64` | `Qualities_PrivateUpdateInt64` | `AvailableExperience` after **every** successful RaiseAttribute/RaiseVital/RaiseSkill |
| S→C | `0x02DD` | `PrivateUpdateSkill` | `Qualities_PrivateUpdateSkill` | Full skill record (ranks/SAC/xp/init/resistance/lastUsed) |
| S→C | `0x02DF` | `PrivateUpdateSkillLevel` | (not generated under that name; opcode exists in enum) | Ranks-only skill delta — **NOT used by any of the 4 actions**; not emitted by `HandleActionRaiseSkill`/`HandleActionTrainSkill`/`SkillAlterationDevice`. holtburger still models it (`UpdateSkillLevel`) but no ACE producer for it was found for this feature surface. Flagged as an open question below. |
| S→C | `0x02E3` | `PrivateUpdateAttribute` | `Qualities_PrivateUpdateAttribute` | Full attribute record (ranks/start/xp) |
| S→C | `0x02E7` | `PrivateUpdateVital` | `Qualities_PrivateUpdateAttribute2nd` *(name disagreement, same bytes — see §5)* | Full vital record (ranks/start/xp/current) |
| S→C | `0x02E9` | `PrivateUpdateAttribute2ndLevel` | `Qualities_PrivateUpdateAttribute2ndLevel` | Current-only vital delta (no ranks/xp) |
| S→C | `0xF750` | `Sound` | — | `RaiseTrait` sound cue on rank-up |
| S→C | `0xF7E0` | `ServerMessage` (→ `GameMessageSystemChat`) | — | "Your base X is now N!" text on rank-up; also failure text |
| S→C (GameEvent, envelope `0xF7B0`) | GameEventType `0x028B` | `WeenieErrorWithString` | — | Specialize/untrain/reset success/failure text (routed through a confirmation dialog, not a plain GameMessage) |

No dedicated opcode exists for **untrain / specialize / reset** — see §4.

---

## 2. Per-message byte layout

All multi-byte integers are little-endian. Every `GameMessage` subclass in
ACE auto-writes its own `u32 Opcode` first via the `GameMessage` base
class ctor (`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/Network/GameMessages/GameMessage.cs:25-26`
/ `:45-46`) — that 4 bytes is **not** written again by the derived class
body; I've included it in each layout below for wire-completeness.

### 2.1 Outbound — `RaiseVital` (`0x0044`)

```
u32 envelope = 0xF7B1
u32 sequence
u32 subOpcode = 0x0044
u32 vitalId        // PropertyAttribute2nd — MUST be the Max* id (1/3/5), see §2.9
u32 xpSpent
```
20 bytes total. Confirmed by:
- ACE parse: `references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/Network/GameAction/Actions/GameActionRaiseVital.cs:11-12`
  (`(PropertyAttribute2nd)message.Payload.ReadUInt32()`, then `ReadUInt32()` for xp — **both u32**, not u64).
- holtburger: `RaiseVitalActionData` — `vital_type: u32, xp_spent: u32` —
  `references/holtburger/crates/holtburger-protocol/src/messages/player/actions.rs:38-65`.
- Chorizite: `Train_TrainAttribute2nd` — `Type: VitalId (u32), Experience: uint` —
  `references/Chorizite.ACProtocol/Chorizite.ACProtocol/Messages/C2S/Actions/Train_TrainAttribute2nd.generated.cs:14-41`.

Our builder (`CharacterActions.BuildAttrOrVital`, `src/AcDream.Core.Net/Messages/CharacterActions.cs:94-103`)
matches exactly. **No change needed** for the outbound side.

### 2.2 Outbound — `RaiseAttribute` (`0x0045`)

Same shape as 2.1: `u32 attrId (PropertyAttribute) + u32 xpSpent`.
- ACE parse: `GameActionRaiseAttribute.cs:10-11`.
- holtburger: `RaiseAttributeActionData` — `actions.rs:8-27`.
- Chorizite: `Train_TrainAttribute` — `Train_TrainAttribute.generated.cs:14-41`.
Matches our builder.

### 2.3 Outbound — `RaiseSkill` (`0x0046`)

`u32 skillId (Skill enum) + u32 xpSpent`.
- ACE parse: `GameActionRaiseSkill.cs:10-11` — `(Skill)message.Payload.ReadUInt32()`, `ReadUInt32()`.
- holtburger: `RaiseSkillActionData` — `skill_type: u32, xp_spent: u32` — `actions.rs:67-94`.
- Chorizite: `Train_TrainSkill` reads `Skill = (SkillId)reader.ReadInt32()` (**signed** read) —
  `Train_TrainSkill.generated.cs:30`. Same 4 bytes on the wire; interpretation differs (see §5).
Matches our builder.

### 2.4 Outbound — `TrainSkill` (`0x0047`)

`u32 skillId + i32 creditsSpent` (**signed**, unlike the other three actions' xp field).
- ACE parse: `GameActionTrainSkill.cs:10-11` — `(Skill)message.Payload.ReadUInt32()`, then
  **`message.Payload.ReadInt32()`** (signed) for `creditsSpent`.
- holtburger: `TrainSkillActionData { skill_type: u32, credits_spent: i32 }`, unpacked with
  `read_i32` — `actions.rs:97-116`, and its own unit test packs credits as
  `write_i32::<LittleEndian>` — `actions.rs:277-299`.
- Chorizite: `Train_TrainSkillAdvancementClass.Credits` is declared `uint` and read via
  `reader.ReadUInt32()` — `Train_TrainSkillAdvancementClass.generated.cs:23,31`. **Disagreement** with
  ACE/holtburger's signed read — see §5. Byte layout is identical either way (credits are always
  small positives on the wire).
Our builder (`BuildTrainSkill`, `CharacterActions.cs:51-60`) writes credits as `uint` — bytes are
correct; only the C# type differs from ACE's server-side signedness, which is harmless.

### 2.5 Inbound — `PrivateUpdateAttribute` (`0x02E3`)

```
u32 opcode = 0x02E3
u8  sequence          // ByteSequence, see §3
u32 attribute         // PropertyAttribute (1=Strength..6=Self)
u32 ranks             // CreatureAttribute.Ranks (uint)
u32 startingValue     // CreatureAttribute.StartingValue == PropertiesAttribute.InitLevel (uint)
u32 experienceSpent   // CreatureAttribute.ExperienceSpent == PropertiesAttribute.CPSpent (uint)
```
21 bytes. ACE producer + field order:
`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/Network/GameMessages/Messages/GameMessagePrivateUpdateAttribute.cs:8-16`
(`Writer.Write(seq)` line 11 [via `GetNextSequence`, 1 byte — see §3], `(uint)Attribute` line 12,
`Ranks` line 13, `StartingValue` line 14, `ExperienceSpent` line 15).
All four fields are `uint` in `PropertiesAttribute`:
`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Entity/Models/PropertiesAttribute.cs:7-9`.

Cross-check: Chorizite's `AttributeInfo` struct — `PointsRaised(u32), InnatePoints(u32),
ExperienceSpent(u32)` in that exact order —
`references/Chorizite.ACProtocol/Chorizite.ACProtocol/Types/AttributeInfo.generated.cs:26-54`
(`PointsRaised`=Ranks, `InnatePoints`=StartingValue). holtburger's `UpdateAttribute<false>` —
`sequence: u8, attribute: u32, ranks: u32, start: u32, xp: u32` —
`references/holtburger/crates/holtburger-protocol/src/messages/player/types.rs:22-53`.
**All three agree exactly**, field-for-field.

### 2.6 Inbound — `PrivateUpdateVital` (`0x02E7`, "full" update)

```
u32 opcode = 0x02E7
u8  sequence
u32 vitalId           // PropertyAttribute2nd — ALWAYS the Max* id (1/3/5), see §2.9
u32 ranks             // CreatureVital.Ranks (uint)
u32 startingValue     // CreatureVital.StartingValue (uint)
u32 experienceSpent   // CreatureVital.ExperienceSpent (uint)
u32 current           // CreatureVital.Current == PropertiesAttribute2nd.CurrentLevel (uint)
```
25 bytes. ACE producer:
`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/Network/GameMessages/Messages/GameMessagePrivateUpdateVital.cs:8-18`.
Field source types: `references/ACE/Source/ACE.Entity/Models/PropertiesAttribute2nd.cs:7-10`
(all `uint`, including `CurrentLevel`).

**IMPORTANT — this is ACE's `GameMessagePrivateUpdateVital`, but Chorizite's generated name for
the SAME opcode/bytes is `Qualities_PrivateUpdateAttribute2nd`** (not `...Vital`). Confirmed
identical layout: `Attribute: AttributeInfo (PointsRaised/InnatePoints/ExperienceSpent) + Current: u32` —
`references/Chorizite.ACProtocol/Chorizite.ACProtocol/Messages/S2C/Qualities_PrivateUpdateAttribute2nd.generated.cs:14-55`
+ `references/Chorizite.ACProtocol/Chorizite.ACProtocol/Types/SecondaryAttributeInfo.generated.cs:22-50`.
holtburger's `UpdateVital<false>` (`PrivateUpdateVitalData`) matches field-for-field:
`sequence, vital, ranks, start, xp, current` — `types.rs:137-184`, with a golden-fixture test at
`types.rs:296-307` (`ranks:100, start:12345, xp:67890, current:100`).

Our existing doc comment in `PrivateUpdateVital.cs:24-33` already has this layout right.
**No correction needed** to the existing `TryParseFull`.

### 2.7 Inbound — `PrivateUpdateAttribute2ndLevel` (`0x02E9`, "current-only" delta)

```
u32 opcode = 0x02E9
u8  sequence
u32 vitalId    // Vital enum (ACE.Entity.Enum.Vital) — the NON-Max variant: Health=2/Stamina=4/Mana=6
u32 current
```
13 bytes. ACE producer:
`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/Network/GameMessages/Messages/GameMessagePrivateUpdateAttribute2ndLevel.cs:8-14`.

Cross-check: Chorizite's `Qualities_PrivateUpdateAttribute2ndLevel` — `Sequence(byte), Key(u32,
`CurVitalId`), Value(u32)` —
`references/Chorizite.ACProtocol/Chorizite.ACProtocol/Messages/S2C/Qualities_PrivateUpdateAttribute2ndLevel.generated.cs:14-55`.
holtburger's `UpdateVitalCurrent<false>` (`PrivateUpdateVitalCurrentData`) matches:
`sequence, vital, current` — `types.rs:189-225`, fixture test at `types.rs:330-339`, and an explicit
raw-bytes unit test at `types.rs:377-397` (`0x0C` seq, `0x00000002` vital=Health, `0x00000064`
current=100) confirming the **current-only message's vital id is `Health`=2, not `MaxHealth`=1**.

Our existing doc (`PrivateUpdateVital.cs:34-40`) already has this layout right, but its comment
"ACE Vital enum (1=MaxHealth..6=Mana)" doesn't disambiguate that this specific opcode (0x02E9)
**always** carries the non-Max id while 0x02E7 **always** carries the Max id — see §2.9 for the
mechanism. Worth tightening that comment when the attribute/skill parsers are added alongside it.

### 2.8 Inbound — `PrivateUpdateSkill` (`0x02DD`)

```
u32 opcode = 0x02DD
u8  sequence
u32 skillId            // Skill enum (0=None, ordinal-numbered — see §6 open question)
u16 ranks              // CreatureSkill.Ranks == PropertiesSkill.LevelFromPP (ushort!)
u16 adjustPP           // hardcoded constant = 1 on every send (see comment below)
u32 advancementClass   // SkillAdvancementClass (CreatureSkill.AdvancementClass == PropertiesSkill.SAC)
u32 experienceSpent    // CreatureSkill.ExperienceSpent == PropertiesSkill.PP (uint)
u32 initLevel          // CreatureSkill.InitLevel == PropertiesSkill.InitLevel (uint)
u32 resistanceAtLastCheck  // PropertiesSkill.ResistanceAtLastCheck (uint)
f64 lastUsedTime       // PropertiesSkill.LastUsedTime (double, 8 bytes)
```
37 bytes. ACE producer, with the `adjustPP` local hardcoded to `1` and the comment "If this is
not 0, it appears to trigger the initLevel to be treated as extra XP applied to the skill":
`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/Network/GameMessages/Messages/GameMessagePrivateUpdateSkill.cs:8-24`.
Field source types: `references/ACE/Source/ACE.Entity/Models/PropertiesSkill.cs:9-14`
(`LevelFromPP: ushort`, `SAC: SkillAdvancementClass`, `PP: uint`, `InitLevel: uint`,
`ResistanceAtLastCheck: uint`, `LastUsedTime: double`).

Cross-check: Chorizite's `Skill` struct — `PointsRaised(u16), AdjustPP(u16), TrainingLevel(u32),
ExperienceSpent(u32), InnatePoints(u32), ResistanceOfLastCheck(u32), LastUsedTime(f64/double)` in
that exact order —
`references/Chorizite.ACProtocol/Chorizite.ACProtocol/Types/Skill.generated.cs:22-86`. holtburger's
`UpdateSkill<false>` matches too, reading ranks/adjustPP as `u16` then widening to its `u32` struct
field: `sequence, skill, ranks(u16), adjust_pp(u16), status, xp, init, resistance, last_used(f64)` —
`references/holtburger/crates/holtburger-protocol/src/messages/player/types.rs:71-131`, with a
golden fixture at `types.rs:279-293` (`ranks:50, adjust_pp:1, status:3, xp:1000, init:10,
resistance:0, last_used:0.0`) — confirms `adjustPP` is `1` in a real captured fixture, matching
ACE's hardcoded constant.
**All three agree exactly.**

### 2.9 Inbound — `PrivateUpdatePropertyInt` (`0x02CD`)

```
u32 opcode = 0x02CD
u8  sequence
u32 propertyId   // PropertyInt
i32 value
```
13 bytes. ACE producer:
`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/Network/GameMessages/Messages/GameMessagePrivateUpdatePropertyInt.cs:9-15`.
Cross-check: Chorizite's `Qualities_PrivateUpdateInt` — `Sequence(byte), Key(u32, PropertyInt),
Value(int32)` —
`references/Chorizite.ACProtocol/Chorizite.ACProtocol/Messages/S2C/Qualities_PrivateUpdateInt.generated.cs:14-56`.
Matches.

`PropertyInt.AvailableSkillCredits = 24` —
`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Entity/Enum/Properties/PropertyInt.cs:43`.

### 2.10 Inbound — `PrivateUpdatePropertyInt64` (`0x02CF`)

```
u32 opcode = 0x02CF
u8  sequence
u32 propertyId   // PropertyInt64
i64 value
```
17 bytes. ACE producer:
`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/Network/GameMessages/Messages/GameMessagePrivateUpdatePropertyInt64.cs:8-14`.
Cross-check: Chorizite's `Qualities_PrivateUpdateInt64` matches
(`Sequence(byte), Key(u32), Value(int64)`) —
`references/Chorizite.ACProtocol/Chorizite.ACProtocol/Messages/S2C/Qualities_PrivateUpdateInt64.generated.cs:14-56`.

`PropertyInt64.AvailableExperience = 2` —
`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Entity/Enum/Properties/PropertyInt64.cs:14`.

### 2.11 The Max-vs-current vital id split (mechanism)

Two *different* enums, numerically identical, are used depending on message:

- `PropertyAttribute2nd` (`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Entity/Enum/Properties/PropertyAttribute2nd.cs:8-14`):
  `Undef=0, MaxHealth=1, Health=2, MaxStamina=3, Stamina=4, MaxMana=5, Mana=6`. This is what
  `Creature.Vitals` is keyed by, and **only the Max* keys exist in that dictionary**:
  `Vitals[PropertyAttribute2nd.MaxHealth] = ...` etc. —
  `references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/WorldObjects/Creature.cs:98-100`. So `HandleActionRaiseVital`'s
  inbound `vital` parameter, and the id embedded in the full `PrivateUpdateVital` (0x02E7) message
  (`creatureVital.Vital`), are **always one of {1, 3, 5}**.
- `Vital` (`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Entity/Enum/Vital.cs`): `Undefined=0, MaxHealth=1, Health=2,
  MaxStamina=3, Stamina=4, MaxMana=5, Mana=6` — same numbering, used only for the current-only
  message. `CreatureVital.ToEnum()` maps `MaxHealth→Vital.Health(2)`, `MaxStamina→Vital.Stamina(4)`,
  `MaxMana→Vital.Mana(6)` —
  `references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/WorldObjects/Entity/CreatureVital.cs:203-212`, and
  `UpdateVital()` sends `new GameMessagePrivateUpdateAttribute2ndLevel(this, vital.ToEnum(),
  vital.Current)` — `references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/WorldObjects/Player_Vitals.cs:139`. So the
  0x02E9 message's id is **always one of {2, 4, 6}**.

Net: **a client-side parser must NOT assume a single id space for "vital" across both opcodes** —
0x02E7 always carries {1,3,5}, 0x02E9 always carries {2,4,6}. holtburger's raw-bytes unit test
(`types.rs:377-397`) is the clean confirming fixture for the 0x02E9 case (vital=2=Health).

---

## 3. Sequence-number scheme

Every "sequence" byte above is **1 byte**, produced by `ISequence.NextBytes` (returns `new byte[]
{ NextValue }`) — `references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/Network/Sequence/ByteSequence.cs:30-45`. The
containing `GameMessage*` constructors call `Writer.Write(byte[])`, which writes the array's raw
bytes with **no length prefix**, so exactly 1 byte lands on the wire per sequence field. This
matches what our existing `PrivateUpdateVital.cs` doc already asserts ("single byte... not 4 bytes
despite some ACE writer signatures looking like uint").

**Per-(type, property) counters.** `SequenceManager.GetSequence(type, property)` keys its
dictionary by `(uint)type << 16 | property` —
`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/Network/Sequence/SequenceManager.cs:152-156` — so every distinct
`(SequenceType, propertyId)` pair gets its **own independent** counter. Concretely: raising
Strength and raising Endurance advance two different byte counters (`UpdateAttribute+1` vs
`UpdateAttribute+2`); raising two different skills advance two different counters; the
`AvailableExperience` counter (`UpdatePropertyInt64+2`) is independent of all attribute/skill/vital
counters.

**Which `SequenceType` bucket each message uses, and its allocation strategy**
(`SequenceManager.GetSequence`, `:160-181`):

| Wire message | `SequenceType` used | Bucket strategy |
|---|---|---|
| `PrivateUpdateAttribute` (0x02E3) | `UpdateAttribute` | falls to `default:` → `ByteSequence(false)` |
| `PrivateUpdateVital` (0x02E7, full) | `UpdateAttribute2ndLevel` | `default:` → `ByteSequence(false)` |
| `PrivateUpdateAttribute2ndLevel` (0x02E9, current) | `UpdateAttribute2ndLevel` | `default:` → `ByteSequence(false)` — **same bucket as the full message**, keyed by vital property, so 0x02E7 and 0x02E9 traffic for the *same vital* share one incrementing byte counter (see note below) |
| `PrivateUpdateSkill` (0x02DD) | `UpdateSkill` | `default:` → `ByteSequence(false)` |
| `PrivateUpdatePropertyInt` (0x02CD) | `UpdatePropertyInt` | `default:` → `ByteSequence(false)` |
| `PrivateUpdatePropertyInt64` (0x02CF) | `UpdatePropertyInt64` | `default:` → `ByteSequence(false)` |

`ByteSequence(false)` means `clientPrimed=false` → `CurrentValue` starts at `maxValue` (255); the
first `NextValue` call detects `CurrentValue == maxValue`, resets to 0, and returns 0 — so **every
counter's first observed value is 0**, then increments 1, 2, 3, ... wrapping back to 0 after 255
(`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/Network/Sequence/ByteSequence.cs:19-26,30-41`). None of the
`ObjectPosition/Movement/State/Vector/.../Motion` special-cased 16-bit sequence types apply here —
all six advancement-family sequence types fall through to the byte-sized default.

**Shared counter caveat (0x02E7 vs 0x02E9):** `GameMessagePrivateUpdateVital`'s ctor calls
`GetNextSequence(SequenceType.UpdateAttribute2ndLevel, creatureVital.Vital)` (line 11 of that file)
— i.e. it uses the **same** `SequenceType.UpdateAttribute2ndLevel` bucket, keyed by the **same**
`PropertyAttribute2nd` vital value, as the current-only message's `GetNextSequence(...,
vital.ToEnum())` call. Because `Vital` (0x02E9's key type) and `PropertyAttribute2nd` (0x02E7's key
type) share numeric values 1:1, and `SequenceManager.GetSequence` takes a raw `uint property`
(`:27-30`, `:152`), a full 0x02E7 update for MaxHealth(1) and a current-only 0x02E9 tick for
Health(2) hit **different dictionary keys** (`key = type<<16 | 1` vs `type<<16 | 2`) — so they do
**not** actually share a counter across message types; each of the six (3 vitals × 2 opcodes) gets
its own independent byte sequence. (Correcting an initial read of mine: same `SequenceType` enum
value, but different `property` argument value, means different dictionary key. No cross-opcode
sharing.)

---

## 4. Action → response mapping

### 4.1 `RaiseAttribute` (0x0045) → `HandleActionRaiseAttribute`
(`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/WorldObjects/Player_Attributes.cs:13-73`)

1. Validate: attribute exists, `amount <= AvailableExperience`. On failure: **no attribute update
   sent**; if `SpendAttributeXp` itself fails, sends `GameMessageSystemChat` ("Your attempt to
   raise {attr} has failed.", `ChatMessageType.Broadcast`) and returns.
2. `SpendAttributeXp` → `SpendXP(amount, sendNetworkUpdate=true)` →
   **`PrivateUpdatePropertyInt64` (0x02CF)** with `AvailableExperience` (new value) —
   `references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/WorldObjects/Player_Xp.cs:352-363`. This fires on **every**
   successful spend, rank-up or not.
3. **`PrivateUpdateAttribute` (0x02E3)** — always sent on success, rank-up or not
   (`Player_Attributes.cs:35`).
4. If `prevRank != creatureAttribute.Ranks` (i.e. an actual rank-up occurred):
   - if max rank reached: a particle-effect broadcast (`PlayParticleEffect`, not a private
     GameMessage to this session) and a `" and has reached its upper limit"` suffix.
   - **`GameMessageSound`** (`Sound.RaiseTrait`) + **`GameMessageSystemChat`**
     ("Your base {attribute} is now {Base}{suffix}!", `ChatMessageType.Advancement`) — both sent
     together (`Player_Attributes.cs:48-51`).
   - if `attribute == Endurance`: an **extra `PrivateUpdateVital` (0x02E7) full update for
     Health** (`Player_Attributes.cs:56-58`) — comment states this "appears to trigger client to
     update both health and stamina" client-side, even though **only Health's full record is sent
     on the wire, not Stamina's**. A client parser needs to recompute both Health and Stamina
     derived display values from this single Health packet if it wants to match retail's stated
     behavior — this is a genuine, non-obvious retail/ACE quirk, not a bug to "fix".
   - if `attribute == Self`: an extra `PrivateUpdateVital` (0x02E7) full update for **Mana**
     (`Player_Attributes.cs:60-64`).
   - if `attribute` is `Strength` or `Quickness` and the `runrate_add_hooks` property is on:
     `HandleRunRateUpdate()` (affects run-speed derived state, not itself a GameMessage here).

Ordered wire sequence for a successful Endurance raise that ranks up:
`PrivateUpdatePropertyInt64(AvailableExperience)` → `PrivateUpdateAttribute(0x02E3)` →
`GameMessageSound` + `GameMessageSystemChat` (same `EnqueueSend` call, so adjacent) →
`PrivateUpdateVital(0x02E7, Health)`.

### 4.2 `RaiseVital` (0x0044) → `HandleActionRaiseVital`
(`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/WorldObjects/Player_Vitals.cs:20-65`)

1. Validate: vital exists in `Vitals` (so **must** be keyed by a Max* id — see §2.9),
   `amount <= AvailableExperience`. On failure (amount check): sends
   `GameMessageSystemChat` ("Your attempt to raise {vital} has failed.",
   `ChatMessageType.Broadcast`) — **note ACE's own comment**: "there is a client bug for vitals
   only, where the client will enable the button to raise a vital by 10 if the player only has
   enough AvailableExperience to raise it by 1" (`Player_Vitals.cs:30-33`) — a known retail client
   quirk worth preserving if we're porting client-side gating logic, not "fixing".
2. `SpendVitalXp` → `SpendXP` → **`PrivateUpdatePropertyInt64` (0x02CF)** `AvailableExperience`.
3. **`PrivateUpdateVital` (0x02E7)** full update — always sent on success (`Player_Vitals.cs:46`).
4. If rank-up: max-rank particle effect + suffix; **`GameMessageSound`(RaiseTrait)** +
   **`GameMessageSystemChat`** ("Your base {vital} is now {Base}{suffix}!",
   `ChatMessageType.Advancement`) (`:59-62`). **No cross-vital side effect** here (unlike
   RaiseAttribute's Endurance/Self special cases) — raising a vital directly only ever touches that
   one vital's full record.

### 4.3 `RaiseSkill` (0x0046) → `HandleActionRaiseSkill`
(`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/WorldObjects/Player_Skills.cs:21-67`)

1. Validate: creature skill exists and `AdvancementClass >= Trained` (untrained skills can't be
   raised by XP directly), `amount <= AvailableExperience`. Failure: silent (`log.Warn` only,
   **no chat message sent** — unlike RaiseAttribute/RaiseVital's failure paths, `HandleActionRaiseSkill`
   does not send `GameMessageSystemChat` on the "trained/specialized skill not found" or
   "amount > AvailableExperience" branches, `:27-35`).
2. `SpendSkillXp` → `SpendXP` → **`PrivateUpdatePropertyInt64` (0x02CF)** `AvailableExperience`.
3. **`PrivateUpdateSkill` (0x02DD)** — always sent on success (`Player_Skills.cs:42`).
4. If rank-up: max-rank particle effect + suffix; **`GameMessageSound`(RaiseTrait)** +
   **`GameMessageSystemChat`** ("Your base {skill} skill is now {Base}{suffix}!",
   `ChatMessageType.Advancement`) (`:56-59`). If `skill == Run`: `HandleRunRateUpdate()` (same
   run-speed hook as RaiseAttribute's Strength/Quickness case, gated by the same
   `runrate_add_hooks` property).

### 4.4 `TrainSkill` (0x0047) → `HandleActionTrainSkill`
(`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/WorldObjects/Player_Skills.cs:114-153`)

1. Validate: `creditsSpent <= AvailableSkillCredits`; skill base exists in the DAT skill table;
   **`creditsSpent` must exactly equal `skillBase.TrainedCost`** (server re-derives the cost from
   the DAT and rejects any client-sent value that doesn't match — `:129-133`). Any validation
   failure: silent server-side `log.Warn`, **no GameMessage sent at all** (function returns before
   reaching the `success`/`else` branch that sends anything).
2. Calls `TrainSkill(skill, creditsSpent)` (a different overload, `:171-197`) which sets
   `AdvancementClass = Trained`, resets `Ranks`/`InitLevel`/`ExperienceSpent`, and debits
   `AvailableSkillCredits -= creditsSpent` **in-process** (no network send inside this inner
   method — the caller sends the messages).
3. On success:
   - **`PrivateUpdateSkill` (0x02DD)** for the now-trained skill.
   - **`PrivateUpdatePropertyInt` (0x02CD)** `AvailableSkillCredits` (new value).
   - **`GameMessageSystemChat`** ("{skill} trained. You now have {N} credits available.",
     `ChatMessageType.Advancement`).
   - All three sent together in one `EnqueueSend(updateSkill, skillCredits, msg)` call
     (`:145-147`) — **no `GameMessageSound` here**, unlike Raise*'s rank-up path.
   - **Note: `TrainSkill` does NOT send a `PrivateUpdatePropertyInt64` (AvailableExperience)
     update** — training costs skill credits, not XP, so `AvailableExperience` is untouched.
4. On failure of the inner `TrainSkill(skill, creditsSpent)` call (only reachable if
   `AdvancementClass >= Trained` already, i.e. re-training an already-trained/specialized skill, or
   a credits race): **`GameMessageSystemChat`** ("Failed to train {skill}! You now have {N} credits
   available.", `ChatMessageType.Advancement`) — **no skill/credit update messages** on this path.

### 4.5 Specialize / Untrain / Unspecialize / Reset — no dedicated opcode

Confirmed by exhaustive scan of `GameActionType` (`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/Network/GameAction/GameActionType.cs`)
— there is **no** `Specialize`/`Untrain`/`ResetSkill`/`ResetAttribute` entry in the 0x00xx–0x03xx
GameAction range. `Player_Skills.cs` has server-side methods `SpecializeSkill`, `UntrainSkill`,
`UnspecializeSkill`, `ResetSkill` (`:199-309`, `:865-921`) but **none of them carry a
`[GameAction]` attribute** — they're invoked from other systems, not directly from a client
opcode:

- **`SkillAlterationDevice`** (Gem of Enlightenment = specialize, Gem of Forgetfulness = lower) —
  the item's `ActOnUse` is reached via the **generic `Use` action (`0x0036`)**, not a
  progression-specific opcode
  (`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/WorldObjects/SkillAlterationDevice.cs:58-103`). It then routes
  through a **confirmation dialog** (`ConfirmationManager.EnqueueSend(new
  Confirmation_AlterSkill(...))`, `:96`) — a separate ask/confirm wire round-trip (client replies
  via `ConfirmationResponse = 0x0275`), not part of this feature's direct action→response chain.
  Once confirmed, `AlterSkill` (`:169-230`) sends, per branch:
  - Specialize success: **`PrivateUpdateSkill`(0x02DD)** + **`PrivateUpdatePropertyInt`(0x02CD,
    AvailableSkillCredits)** + a **`GameEventWeenieErrorWithString`** (GameEvent sub-type
    `0x028B`, inside the `0xF7B0` GameEvent envelope — a different envelope from the plain
    `GameMessage` family used everywhere else in this doc) carrying
    `YouHaveSucceededSpecializing_Skill` + the skill name (`:176-185`). Layout of
    `GameEventWeenieErrorWithString`: `u32 errorType + String16L message` —
    `references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/Network/GameEvent/Events/GameEventWeenieErrorWithString.cs:7-13`.
  - Lower (specialized→trained via `UnspecializeSkill`) or (trained→untrained via `UntrainSkill`)
    success: same two `PrivateUpdateSkill` + `PrivateUpdatePropertyInt` pair, with a different
    `WeenieErrorWithString` message id per exact transition (`:196-227`).
- **`Enlightenment`** (100th-level Fianhe reset path) directly manipulates `player.Vitals[attribute]`
  and sends `GameMessagePrivateUpdateVital` — `references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/Entity/Enlightenment.cs:218-220` —
  again reached through a non-progression trigger (an enlightenment/temple interaction, not a
  GameAction opcode of its own).
- Generic **`ResetSkill`** (`Player_Skills.cs:865-921`) sends **`PrivateUpdateSkill`(0x02DD)** +
  **`PrivateUpdatePropertyInt`(0x02CD, AvailableSkillCredits)** + **`GameMessageSystemChat`**
  (plain chat text built in C#, not a `WeenieErrorWithString` id) — same three-message shape as
  TrainSkill's success path, minus the `GameMessageSound`.

**Answer to "is there an UNTRAIN or specialize action opcode":** No. Retail/ACE routes all
specialize/lower/reset flows through item-Use (`0x0036`) + a confirmation round-trip, or through
non-player-initiated systems (Enlightenment). If CA1 needs to support these, the response-message
shapes above (2× GameMessage + 1× GameEvent, all reusing opcodes already covered in §2) are
sufficient — no new opcode needs to be learned, but the **GameEvent envelope (`0xF7B0`) and its
sub-opcode framing** are a different code path from the plain `GameMessage` opcodes this doc
otherwise covers, and weren't otherwise in scope for CA1's four core actions.

---

## 5. Disagreements between references

1. **`TrainSkill` credits field signedness.** ACE's handler reads it with
   `message.Payload.ReadInt32()` (signed) — `GameActionTrainSkill.cs:11` — and holtburger's
   `TrainSkillActionData.credits_spent` is `i32`, unpacked with `read_i32` — `actions.rs:99,109`.
   Chorizite's `Train_TrainSkillAdvancementClass.Credits` is declared `uint` and read via
   `reader.ReadUInt32()` — `Train_TrainSkillAdvancementClass.generated.cs:23,31`. **Genuine
   type-level disagreement** (ACE+holtburger say signed, Chorizite says unsigned). No practical
   wire effect since credits are always small non-negative values, but if CA1 code asserts a type,
   prefer **signed `int`** to match the two independent oracles (ACE server source + a working
   client) over the generated Chorizite stub.
2. **Message class naming for opcode `0x02E7`.** ACE calls it `GameMessagePrivateUpdateVital`
   (full vital record). Chorizite's generator calls the identical-opcode, identical-byte-layout
   type `Qualities_PrivateUpdateAttribute2nd`. Not a byte-level disagreement — purely a naming
   collision that could cause confusion when grepping Chorizite for "Vital" and finding nothing (as
   happened during this research pass — see §"open questions" for how this was discovered). If our
   own parser code introduces names, prefer ACE's naming (`PrivateUpdateVital`) since that's also
   what our existing `PrivateUpdateVital.cs` already uses.
3. **`RaiseSkill`/`TrainSkill` skill-id read signedness.** ACE reads skill ids for `RaiseSkill` as
   `(Skill)message.Payload.ReadUInt32()` (unsigned) but for `TrainSkill` conceptually the same
   field is also `(Skill)message.Payload.ReadUInt32()` — **both unsigned** on the ACE side
   (`GameActionRaiseSkill.cs:10`, `GameActionTrainSkill.cs:10`). Chorizite reads **both** as
   `(SkillId)reader.ReadInt32()` (signed) — `Train_TrainSkill.generated.cs:30`,
   `Train_TrainSkillAdvancementClass.generated.cs:30`. holtburger's `RaiseSkillActionData.skill_type`
   is `u32` (unsigned) — `actions.rs:69`, `:78`; its `TrainSkillActionData.skill_type` is also `u32`
   (only `credits_spent` is signed) — `actions.rs:98,107`. So Chorizite is the outlier reading
   skill id as signed on **both** actions; ACE+holtburger agree it's unsigned. Byte-identical
   either way since valid skill ids are small positive ordinals (§6 notes the exact numbering isn't
   pinned in this pass).
4. **No disagreement found** on any of the six inbound message byte layouts (§2.5–§2.10) — ACE,
   Chorizite, and holtburger's independent implementations agree field-for-field, including the
   unusual `ushort ranks / ushort adjustPP` pair inside `PrivateUpdateSkill` and the hardcoded
   `adjustPP=1` constant (confirmed present in a holtburger golden-fixture test, not just inferred
   from ACE source).

---

## 6. Open questions / not settled from the references

1. **`PrivateUpdateSkillLevel` (`0x02DF`) / `PublicUpdateSkillLevel` (`0x02E0`) producer not
   found.** The opcode exists in ACE's `GameMessageOpcode` enum and holtburger models a full
   `UpdateSkillLevel` struct for it (`types.rs:230-269`, with fixture tests at `:353-375`), but I
   did not find any ACE call site constructing a `GameMessagePrivateUpdateSkillLevel` (in fact, no
   such class file exists in ACE's `GameMessages/Messages/` directory at all — only
   `GameMessagePrivateUpdateSkill.cs`, the *full*-opcode 0x02DD one). Either (a) ACE genuinely never
   emits this ranks-only delta and it's vestigial/retail-only, or (b) a producer exists elsewhere I
   didn't search (e.g. a bulk/batch skill-sync path outside `Player_Skills.cs` and
   `SkillAlterationDevice.cs`). **Not required for CA1's four actions** (none of their response
   chains use it), but flag before assuming the opcode is dead — a targeted `grep -r
   PrivateUpdateSkillLevel references/ACE` beyond what this pass covered would settle it.
2. **Exact numeric `Skill` enum ordinals** were not fully enumerated — I confirmed the enum is
   ordinal-numbered starting at `None=0` with several `/* Retired */`/`/* Unimplemented */` gaps
   preserved in-place (`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Entity/Enum/Skill.cs:11-40+`), and holtburger's
   test comments corroborate two spot values (`6 = MeleeDefense`, `14 = ArcaneLore`,
   `references/holtburger/crates/holtburger-protocol/src/messages/player/actions.rs:270,283`), but
   I did not transcribe the full ~60-entry table. If acdream doesn't already have a `Skill` enum
   under `src/AcDream.Core`, the CA1 implementer should port the full ordinal list directly from
   `references/ACE/Source/ACE.Entity/Enum/Skill.cs` verbatim (order matters — it's explicitly
   documented as never-reorderable).
3. **`Sound.RaiseTrait`'s numeric id** and **`ChatMessageType.Advancement`'s numeric id** were not
   looked up (both are straightforward enum lookups in `references/ACE/Source/ACE.Entity/Enum/` if
   needed for exact-byte test fixtures).
4. **Whether raising a vital's rank ever auto-adjusts `Current`** wasn't traced end-to-end. The
   full `PrivateUpdateVital` message always includes `creatureVital.Current` as one of its fields
   (§2.6), but `HandleActionRaiseVital`/`SpendVitalXp` only touch `Ranks`/`ExperienceSpent` — I did
   not find code in that call chain that tops up `Current` to match a newly raised `MaxValue`. If
   retail visibly bumps current HP/stamina/mana immediately on a vital raise, that adjustment (if
   any) happens somewhere outside the files read in this pass (possibly the vital heartbeat tick
   picking it up on the next 5s cycle, given `VitalHeartBeat()` exists as a separate mechanism —
   `Player_Vitals.cs:196-205`). Confirm with a live capture before assuming instant top-up.

---

# CA1 — retail attribute/skill/vitals recompute chain

Source: `docs/research/named-retail/acclient_2013_pseudo_c.txt` (Sept 2013 EoR
build, PDB-named) + `acclient.h` (verbatim retail structs) + Ghidra MCP clean
decompiles (`patchmem.gpr`, same binary) for every function relied on below.
Cross-checked against `references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server` and
`references/ACE/Source/ACE.DatLoader`. All addresses are file offsets == RVA
(x86, base 0x400000 not added — matches the pseudo-C left column).

**Headline verdict (drives the whole CA1 design): the retail client computes
skills, vitals maxima, and run rate LIVE, at inquiry time, from raw stored
attribute/skill data. There is no cached "effective skill" field and no
explicit recompute-cascade when an attribute changes. UI refresh is a
separate, decoupled observer mechanism (`QualityRegistrar`) that only tells a
widget "id X changed, re-pull it" — it never carries the new value.**

---

## 1. Inbound handler map

All inbound private/public quality-update wire messages funnel through one
C++ template, `ClientObjMaintSystem::<QualityType,ValueType>::UpdateStat`,
instantiated once per (QualityType, wire-value-shape) pair. The **public**
handlers (`Handle_Qualities__Update*`, updates for an arbitrary observed
weenie) and the **private** handlers (`Handle_Qualities__PrivateUpdate*`,
always target the local player via `SmartBox::smartbox->player_id`) both
funnel into the same template body — the private ones just supply
`player_id` instead of a wire-carried target id.

Confirmed handler entry points (`ClientObjMaintSystem::Handle_Qualities__*`):

| Handler | Address | Wire value shape | Delegates to |
|---|---|---|---|
| `UpdateAttribute` | `0x00558c80` | full `Attribute` struct | `UpdateStat<Attribute_QualityType, Attribute&>` |
| `UpdateAttributeLevel` | `0x00558ca0` | raw `unsigned long` | `UpdateStat<Attribute_QualityType, ulong>` |
| `UpdateAttribute2nd` | `0x00558cc0` | full `SecondaryAttribute` struct | `UpdateStat<Attribute_2nd_QualityType, SecondaryAttribute&>` |
| `UpdateAttribute2ndLevel` | `0x00558ce0` | raw `unsigned long` | `UpdateStat<Attribute_2nd_QualityType, ulong>` |
| `UpdateSkill` | `0x00558d00` | full `Skill` struct | `UpdateStat<Skill_QualityType, Skill&>` |
| `UpdateSkillLevel` | `0x00558d20` | raw `unsigned long` | `UpdateStat<Skill_QualityType, ulong>` |
| `UpdateSkillAC` | `0x00558d40` | `SKILL_ADVANCEMENT_CLASS` enum | `UpdateStat<Skill_QualityType, SKILL_ADVANCEMENT_CLASS>` |
| `PrivateUpdateAttribute` | `0x00558e80` | full `Attribute` struct, target = local player | same template, `player_id` forced |
| `PrivateUpdateAttributeLevel` | `0x00558eb0` | raw ulong, target = local player | " |
| `PrivateUpdateAttribute2nd` | `0x00558ee0` | full struct, target = local player | " |
| `PrivateUpdateAttribute2ndLevel` | `0x00558f10` | raw ulong, target = local player | " |
| (Skill private variants follow the identical pattern at nearby addresses in the same block, `0x00558f4x`–`0x00558fcx`) | | | |

Body of every `UpdateStat` instantiation for Attribute/Attribute2nd/Skill
(example, the raw-`unsigned long` Attribute overload, `0x00557d00`):

```
UpdateStat(this, qualityId, timestampByte, targetWeenieId, newValue):
    weenie = CObjectMaint::GetWeenieObject(this, targetWeenieId)
    if weenie == null: return 0
    if !ACCWeenieObject::SetupStamper(weenie): return 0          // per-object dedupe/anti-replay stamp
    if !WTimeStamper::UpdateTS(weenie.stamper, qualityId | 0x80000, timestampByte):
        return 0                                                  // stale/out-of-order update, drop
    qualities = weenie.pQualities                                 // CACQualities* at weenie+0x14c
    if qualities != null:
        qualities.SetAttribute(qualityId, newValue)                // <-- PURE RAW STORAGE WRITE (§below)
    ACCWeenieObject::OnStatUpdated(weenie, qualityId, newValue)     // only on the *raw-value* overloads (see caveat)
    if QualityRegistrar::s_pQR != null:
        QualityRegistrar::s_pQR.CallChangeHandler(weenie, Attribute_StatType, qualityId)  // <-- THE UI notify (§7)
    return 0
```

Every `SetX` call (`CACQualities::SetAttribute` `0x00591a50`/`0x00591aa0`,
`SetAttribute2nd` `0x00592530`/`0x005925f0`/`0x00592cf0`, `SetSkill`
`0x00592240`, `SetSkillLevel` `0x00592340`, `SetSkillAdvancementClass`
`0x00592430`) was decompiled directly and **each one is a pure raw-storage
write** — no recompute, no dirty flag, no dependent-field touch:

- `SetAttribute` → lazily allocates `AttributeCache` if absent, then
  `AttributeCache::SetAttribute(id, {init_level, level_from_cp, cp_spent})`
  overwrites those three fields verbatim (`0x005cc740`).
- `SetSkill`/`SetSkillLevel` → hash-table upsert into
  `CACQualities::_skillStatsTable` (`PackableHashTable<ulong,Skill>`),
  copying `_sac, _pp, _init_level, _level_from_pp,
  _resistance_of_last_check, _last_used_time` verbatim.
- `SetSkillAdvancementClass` → same hash table, writes only `_sac` via
  `Skill::SetSkillAdvancementClass`.

**`ACCWeenieObject::OnStatUpdated` caveat (OPEN, non-load-bearing):** two
concrete overload bodies were found in the binary, `0x0058c680` (switches on
PropertyBool ids: Stuck=1, Openable=3, Inscribable=0x16, UIHidden=0x18,
CellBarrierImmune=0x19, HiddenAdmin=0x1a) and `0x0058df20` (switches on
PropertyInt ids: Type=1, Priority=4, ItemsCapacity=6, …, HookItemTypes=0x98).
**Neither switch has a case matching the Attribute/Attribute2nd/Skill id
space** (1–6, 0x1f–0x32), so whichever of the two the compiler resolved the
raw-scalar `UpdateStat` call to, it is a silent no-op for attribute/skill ids
— this function does **not** participate in character-advancement recompute.
I could not pin the exact overload resolved at each of the 7 call sites
(BinaryNinja's rendered parameter types are ambiguous between `int32_t` and
`long` at this ABI); it doesn't change the answer to Q1, so left open.

**Verdict for Q1: an inbound stat update writes the raw number/struct
straight into `CACQualities`'s storage and fires one generic
`QualityRegistrar::CallChangeHandler(weenie, StatType, id)` notification.
It never calls anything that resembles "recompute skill" or "recompute
vitals max" — those are computed by the *reader*, not the writer.**

---

## 2. The skill formula — LIVE at inquiry time (not cached)

### Call chain

`CACQualities::InqSkill(this, skillId, out int, includeRaw)` @ `0x00592660`
(the "effective" overload; there's also a bare struct-copy `InqSkill`
overload at `0x005919df` unrelated to computation) calls
`InqSkillBaseLevel` @ `0x00592140` first, then layers bonuses on top.

**`InqSkillBaseLevel`** (attribute contribution — the "base" the game shows
before augmentations):

```
InqSkillBaseLevel(this, skillId, out value, rawAttrFlag):
    skillTable = DBObj::GetByEnum(4, 2, 0x10000004)      // the portal.dat SkillTable singleton
    if skillTable == null: return 0
    base = skillTable.GetSkillBase(skillId)               // SkillBase record: _min_level, _formula, costs...
    if base == null: return 0

    sac = UNTRAINED
    entry = this._skillStatsTable?.lookup(skillId)
    if entry != null: sac = entry._sac

    if (int)sac < (int)base._min_level:                    // gate: skill not usable at this SAC yet
        value = 0
        return 1                                            // NOTE: still returns success=1, value forced 0

    a1 = 0; a2 = 0
    if base._formula._attr1 != 0: InqAttribute(this, base._formula._attr1, &a1, rawAttrFlag)
    if base._formula._attr2 != 0: InqAttribute(this, base._formula._attr2, &a2, rawAttrFlag)
    return SkillFormula::Calculate(base._formula, a1, a2, &value)
```

**`SkillFormula::Calculate`** @ `0x00591960` — the actual math, verbatim
(struct `SkillFormula { uint _w, _x, _y, _z, _attr1, _attr2; }`,
`acclient.h:40199`):

```
Calculate(formula, attr1Value, attr2Value, out result):
    if formula._z == 0: return 0                    // divisor 0 => invalid formula, caller treats as failure
    numerator = formula._x * attr1Value + formula._y * attr2Value + formula._w
    result = floor((float)numerator / (float)formula._z + 0.5)   // round-half-up via floor(x+0.5)
    return 1
```

**`InqAttribute(this, attrId, out value, rawFlag)`** @ `0x005919d0`/`0x00591a00`
— the value that feeds the formula is itself live:

```
InqAttribute(this, attrId, out value, rawFlag):
    if this._attribCache == null: return 0
    if !AttributeCache::InqAttribute(this._attribCache, attrId, &value): return 0
    if rawFlag == 0:
        EnchantAttribute(this, attrId, &value)      // CEnchantmentRegistry::EnchantAttribute — live active-spell lookup
    return 1
```

`AttributeCache::InqAttribute` (`0x005cc4e0`) is a flat per-attribute struct
store (`_strength/_endurance/_quickness/_coordination/_focus/_self`, each a
heap `Attribute{_init_level,_level_from_cp,_cp_spent}`); it returns
`_init_level + _level_from_cp` — exactly the two fields `SetAttribute`
overwrites on every wire update. **There is no third place that stores a
"current effective attribute" — the value that comes back is always the
freshly-stored number plus whatever `CEnchantmentRegistry` says right now.**

### Back in `InqSkill` (`0x00592660`), after the base level:

```
InqSkill(this, skillId, out value, rawFlag):
    if !InqSkillBaseLevel(this, skillId, &value, rawFlag): return 0

    entry = this._skillStatsTable?.lookup(skillId)
    if entry != null: value += entry._level_from_pp + entry._init_level    // trained ranks + chargen bonus

    // PropertyInt 0x16d = LumAugAllSkills — flat, unconditional, ALWAYS applied (even rawFlag==1)
    if InqInt(0x16d, &bonus) && bonus > 0: value += bonus

    // category-gated flat +10, keyed by skill id -> which "AugmentationSkilledX" PropertyInt to check
    //   skill in {0x1f,0x20,0x21,0x22,0x2b} -> PropertyInt 0x12e (302, AugmentationSkilledMagic)
    //   skill in {0x29,0x2c,0x2d,0x2e,0x31} -> PropertyInt 0x12c (300, AugmentationSkilledMelee)
    //   skill == 0x2f                        -> PropertyInt 0x12d (301, AugmentationSkilledMissile)
    if augBonusInt > 0: value += 10

    if rawFlag == 0:                              // "raw"==0 means "give me the effective/enchanted value"
        EnchantSkill(this, skillId, &value)         // CEnchantmentRegistry::EnchantSkill — live spell buffs + VITAE live here
        // PropertyInt 0x146 (326, AugmentationJackOfAllTrades) -- flat +5, added AFTER enchant/vitae
        if InqInt(0x146, &b2) && b2 > 0: value += 5
        // PropertyInt 0x158 (344, LumAugSkilledSpec) -- doubled, SPECIALIZED-only, added AFTER enchant/vitae
        InqInt(0x158, &b3)
        if b3 > 0 and entry?._sac == SPECIALIZED:
            value += b3 * 2
    return 1
```

`EnchantSkill`/`EnchantAttribute`/`EnchantAttribute2nd` (`0x0058f0b0` /
`0x0058f070` / `0x0058f090`) are one-line delegates to
`CEnchantmentRegistry::EnchantSkill/EnchantAttribute/EnchantAttribute2nd` —
the client's live table of currently-active spell effects. Nothing about
these calls is memoized; they walk the registry fresh every call.

### Verdict

**LIVE, confirmed by direct trace, not inference.** An attribute raise
(`SetAttribute` overwriting `AttributeCache`) requires **zero** explicit
follow-up to make skills reflect it — the next `InqSkill`/`InqSkillBaseLevel`
call re-reads `AttributeCache` and re-runs `SkillFormula::Calculate`. Same
for a spell buff landing (`CEnchantmentRegistry` update) or an SAC change.
**CA1 should port this as a pure function `Skill.Current(attributes, trainedState, activeEnchantments, augmentations, vitae) -> uint`, called on demand by every UI/gameplay reader — not as a cached field refreshed by an event handler.**

---

## 3. Vitals maxima (MaxHealth/MaxStamina/MaxMana)

Same formula engine, different DBObj table. `CACQualities::InqAttribute2nd`
overload with `(id, out uint, rawFlag)` @ `0x00592020`:

```
InqAttribute2nd(this, id, out value, rawFlag):
    base = 0
    if id in {1,3,5}:                                   // 1=MaxHealth,3=MaxStamina,5=MaxMana (odd ids; ACE PropertyAttribute2nd matches exactly)
        if !InqAttribute2ndBaseLevel(this, id, &base, rawFlag): return 0

    if id == 1:                                          // MaxHealth only
        if InqInt(0x17b /* 379 = PropertyInt.GearMaxHealth */, &gear) && gear:
            base += gear                                  // flat item-granted Max Health bonus, added to "base" tier

    if this._attribCache != null and AttributeCache::InqAttribute2nd(cache, id, &cached) != 0:
        value = cached + base           // "current" ids (2,4,6) hit ONLY this branch: cached holds the live current HP/SP/mana, base==0 for those ids
    else:
        if base == 0: return 0
        value = base

    if rawFlag == 0:
        EnchantAttribute2nd(this, id, &value)             // live spell buffs on the vital (max or current)
    return 1
```

`InqAttribute2ndBaseLevel` @ `0x00591d20` mirrors `InqSkillBaseLevel`
exactly but reads from a different global singleton,
`DBObj::GetByEnum(1, 2, 0x10000003)` = the `Attribute2ndTable` DBObj
(`struct Attribute2ndTable { Attribute2ndBase _max_health, _max_stamina, _max_mana; }`,
`acclient.h:40216`, each an `Attribute2ndBase{ SkillFormula _formula; }`) —
id 1→`_max_health`, 3→`_max_stamina`, 5→`_max_mana`, feeding the **same**
`SkillFormula::Calculate` used for skills. Concretely: MaxHealth/MaxStamina
are driven by the Endurance-weighted formula and MaxMana by the Self-weighted
formula, but the exact `_attr1/_attr2/_w/_x/_y/_z` values are DAT data, not
hardcoded in this function — the mechanism is confirmed, the numeric
coefficients were not independently dumped (OPEN, low-value: any live
`portal.dat` read or ACE's `SecondaryAttributeTable` gives them for free).

Note the asymmetry: **odd ids (max) run the formula; even ids (current
Health/Stamina/Mana) are pure `AttributeCache` reads** (server-pushed current
value), never formula-derived. `Attribute2nd` id 2/4/6 in `AttributeCache`
is exactly what `PrivateUpdateAttribute2ndLevel` (`0x00558f10`) overwrites.

### Bounds enforcement on the *current* value

`CACQualities::BoundsCheck` @ `0x005920e0`, called from the
`SetAttribute2nd(id, rawValue, ...)` wrapper (`0x005925f0`) whenever id is
one of the *current* ids (2,4,6):

```
BoundsCheck(this, id, ref value, out maxOut):
    if id not in {2,4,6}: return 1              // only current HP/SP/mana are clamped
    if value < 0: value = 0; return 1
    if !InqAttribute2nd(this, id-1, &maxOut, rawFlag=0): return 0   // id-1 = the paired max id; LIVE lookup
    if maxOut < value: value = maxOut
    return 1
```

So the current-value SET path itself pulls a **live** Max via
`InqAttribute2nd` to clamp — one more confirmation there's no cached max
anywhere the client trusts.

### UI refresh trigger for the vitals bar (ties into §7)

`Attribute2ndInfoRegion::Attribute2ndInfoRegion` (`0x004f1680`) — the vitals
bar row widget's ctor — registers **three or more** separate
`QualityRegistrar::RegisterQualityHandlerForThePlayer(Attribute_2nd_StatType=9, id, this)`
subscriptions:

1. `m_CurAttribute` (e.g. Health=2)
2. `m_MaxAttribute` (`= m_CurAttribute - 1`, e.g. MaxHealth=1)
3. It then reads the `Attribute2ndTable` record for the max id
   (`Attribute2ndTable::InqAttribute2ndBase`) and, **if the formula's
   `_attr1`/`_attr2` are non-zero, ALSO registers for those ids** — under
   `StatType 9` again, even though the contributing attribute (e.g.
   Endurance) is a base `Attribute` that only ever fires
   `CallChangeHandler(Attribute_StatType=8, ...)`. This third registration
   therefore looks structurally dead/vestigial for the base-attribute case —
   see the note at the end of §7. It doesn't change the answer to "what
   triggers the bar to redraw": the confirmed, load-bearing triggers are (1)
   and (2), i.e. **the vitals bar redraws when the SERVER pushes an explicit
   `PrivateUpdateAttribute2nd`/`...Level` wire message for that specific
   current-or-max id — not from a local recompute cascade.**

### Verdict for Q3

Formula: **live**, same mechanism/engine as skills (`SkillFormula::Calculate`
over the `Attribute2ndTable` DAT record), confirmed by direct trace.
Trigger: **the vitals bar's redraw is driven by `QualityRegistrar`
notifications tied 1:1 to the wire ids the server actually pushes** (own
current id + own max id). The client is fully capable of computing MaxHealth
locally from Endurance without any server push (§2's live chain applies
here too), but the UI's *redraw* event only fires on an explicit wire update
to that exact (StatType, id) — so **retail's server is the one that decides
when to recompute-and-push an updated MaxHealth/MaxStamina/MaxMana whenever
the underlying attribute changes; the client formula exists for the value
itself, not as the UI's dirty-trigger.** CA1 must mirror this: acdream's
server-authoritative path (ACE) is expected to push its own recomputed
vitals-max update on an Endurance/Self change — verify ACE actually does
this (see §8) rather than relying on a purely-local recompute-on-attribute-
change UI hook, or the vitals bar will silently stop matching retail's
redraw cadence even though the *number* would still be correct next time
anything else forces a redraw.

---

## 4. Run rate — LIVE, re-derived every motion tick (not event-driven at all)

`CACQualities::InqRunRate` @ `0x00592800` **inlines its own copy** of the
InqSkill formula chain for skill id `0x18` (Run) rather than calling
`InqSkill` — presumably to add one extra rule:

```
InqRunRate(this, out rate):
    if !InqLoad(this, &loadFactor): return 0                 // encumbrance multiplier, 1.0 = unencumbered
    if this._attribCache == null: return 0
    if !AttributeCache::InqAttribute2nd(cache, 4 /*Stamina, current*/, &curStamina): return 0
    EnchantAttribute2nd(this, 4, &curStamina)                  // live buffs on current Stamina
    if !InqSkillBaseLevel(this, 0x18, &runSkill, rawFlag=0): return 0

    entry = _skillStatsTable?.lookup(0x18)
    if entry: runSkill += entry._level_from_pp + entry._init_level
    if InqInt(0x16d) > 0: runSkill += bonus                   // LumAugAllSkills
    EnchantSkill(this, 0x18, &runSkill)                        // live spell buffs + vitae
    if InqInt(0x146) > 0: runSkill += 5                        // JackOfAllTrades
    if InqInt(0x158) > 0 and entry?._sac == SPECIALIZED: runSkill += InqInt(0x158) * 2   // LumAugSkilledSpec

    if curStamina == 0:                                        // <-- FATIGUE RULE, Run-specific
        runSkill = 0                                            //     exhausted (0 current Stamina) => cannot use Run skill at all

    rate = MovementSystem::GetRunRate(loadFactor, runSkill, 1.0)
    return 1
```

`InqMaxRunRate` @ `0x00591b20` is just
`MovementSystem::GetRunRate(0.0 /* full load */, 9999 /* max skill */, 1.0)`
— a theoretical ceiling, not tied to the player at all.

### Who calls it, and how often

Four call sites, all in `CMotionInterp` (the per-entity motion interpolator),
all on `weenie_obj->InqRunRate(...)` (virtual dispatch through
`ACCWeenieObject::InqRunRate` `0x0058c560` → `CACQualities::InqRunRate`):

- `CMotionInterp::apply_run_to_command` @ `0x00527be0` — scales a forward/
  sidestep command's magnitude when a new motion command is applied.
- `CMotionInterp::get_max_speed` @ `0x00527cb0`
- `CMotionInterp::get_adjusted_max_speed` @ `0x00527d00`
- `CMotionInterp::get_state_velocity` @ `0x00527d50` — computes the actual
  per-tick velocity vector; this one runs on the motion-interpolation
  cadence (every tick the interpolator advances), not just on command
  change.

**All four fall back to `this->my_run_rate` (a plain cached float on
`CMotionInterp`) if `InqRunRate` returns 0.** `InqRunRate` returns 0 whenever
`this._attribCache == null` — i.e. whenever the weenie doesn't carry a live,
fully-populated `CACQualities` (every weenie *other than the local player*:
remote players and monsters only get a thin/partial qualities projection
over the wire, not full trained-attribute data).

### Where `my_run_rate` (the fallback) is set

Found exactly two write sites, both inside the inbound movement-event
parser handling `MoveToObject` (case 6) and `MoveToPosition` (case 7) motion
commands (`0x005245e9` / `0x00524656`, inside the function starting near
`0x00524460`):

```
case MoveToObject / MoveToPosition:
    MovementParameters::UnPackNet(&params, kind, wire)   // unpacks the wire MovementParameters struct
    speed = *(float*)wire; wire += 4                      // an explicit speed/run-rate float on the wire
    this.motion_interpreter.my_run_rate = speed
    ...
```

### Verdict for Q4

**Local player**: `InqRunRate` is called **every tick** the motion
interpolator needs a velocity — there is no cache, no "recompute on Run
skill change" event at all; the fatigue check (current Stamina == 0) and the
whole skill-formula chain are re-evaluated on every call. **CA1 should port
`InqRunRate` as a per-tick pure query** (attributes + skill state +
enchantments + current Stamina → run rate), exactly mirroring how it already
treats skills.

**Remote weenies (and any weenie without a full qualities projection)**:
run rate is **not** derived locally at all — it's a cached float taken
verbatim from an explicit `speed` field on the server's `MoveToObject`/
`MoveToPosition` wire payload (`MovementParameters`), applied once per
motion command, held until the next one. This directly confirms the design
already noted in CLAUDE.md/`ACDREAM_RUN_SKILL` docs
(`PlayerMovementController.ApplyServerRunRate`, echoing
`UpdateMotion.ForwardSpeed`): **retail itself does the same
local-computes/remote-trusts-the-wire split** — acdream's existing dual-path
shape is retail-faithful, not an adaptation. (One nuance to verify against
current acdream code: retail's wire-sourced fallback is populated from the
`MovementParameters` speed field carried on `MoveToObject`/`MoveToPosition`
specifically, not from every `UpdateMotion` — worth a follow-up check that
acdream's actual sync point matches this exact message, not a broader one.)

---

## 5. Attribute-less skills (e.g. Salvaging)

Confirmed by code inspection of `InqSkillBaseLevel` (§2): the two
`InqAttribute` calls are individually gated —
`if base._formula._attr1 != 0: InqAttribute(...)` and same for `_attr2`. If
a `SkillBase._formula` has `_attr1 == 0` and `_attr2 == 0` (no attribute
contribution authored for that skill), both `a1` and `a2` stay `0`, and
`SkillFormula::Calculate` reduces to:

```
result = floor((_x*0 + _y*0 + _w) / _z + 0.5) = floor(_w/_z + 0.5)
```

i.e. a pure constant (the formula's `_w`/`_z` bias, presumably 0/1 in
practice for a true attribute-less skill, giving `result = 0`). **This
degrades gracefully — no null-check, no divide-by-zero risk** (the only
divide-by-zero guard is `_z == 0 => return 0`, unrelated to attr1/attr2
being zero). Everything downstream (trained ranks, augmentations,
enchantments) applies identically regardless of whether the attribute term
contributed anything.

**OPEN**: which specific skill ids have `_attr1==_attr2==0` in the shipped
`portal.dat` SkillTable was not independently confirmed here (that's DAT
data, not code — the pseudo-C only proves the *mechanism* handles it
correctly). A live DatCollection read of `SkillTable` (0x10000004) would
give the exact list; ACE's own `references/ACE/Source/ACE.DatLoader` reads
the same table and could be probed against a live install if needed for
CA1 test fixtures.

---

## 6. Specialization semantics (SKILL_ADVANCEMENT_CLASS)

`enum SKILL_ADVANCEMENT_CLASS { UNDEF=0, UNTRAINED=1, TRAINED=2,
SPECIALIZED=3, NUM=4 }` (`acclient.h:2951`). Two, and only two, places the
runtime formula reads SAC (everything else — `_trained_cost`/
`_specialized_cost` on `SkillBase` — is chargen/skill-credit-spending data,
never touched by `InqSkill`/`InqSkillBaseLevel`/`InqRunRate`):

1. **Usability gate** (`InqSkillBaseLevel`): `if (int)sac < (int)base._min_level: value = 0`.
   A skill authored with `_min_level = TRAINED` reads as 0 for an untrained
   character; one authored `_min_level = UNTRAINED` (i.e. always usable) is
   never gated. This is purely a floor-to-zero, not a formula change — the
   attribute/formula computation for a *usable* skill is identical between
   Trained and Specialized.
2. **`LumAugSkilledSpec` (PropertyInt 0x158/344) doubling**, in both
   `InqSkill` and the inlined copy in `InqRunRate`: the augmentation's own
   int value is added **only if the skill's own SAC == SPECIALIZED**, and
   when it applies it's doubled (`value += aug * 2`), vs. not applied at all
   for Trained. This is the *only* place SAC changes the numeric formula at
   runtime.

There is **no** "+10 for specialized / +5 for trained" retail-side constant
bonus baked into the client's runtime inquiry math — that folklore number
(confirmed in ACE's own `CreatureSkill.InitLevel` doc comment: "A bonus from
character creation: +5 for trained, +10 for specialized") is a **chargen-time
one-shot** value baked directly into `_init_level` when the character is
created (part of the flat number `SetSkill`/`SetSkillLevel` write into
storage), not something the runtime formula re-derives from SAC on every
call. `InqSkillBaseLevel`/`InqSkill` just add whatever `_init_level` already
holds — they never branch on SAC to decide it. **CA1 must not port a
"branch on SAC, add 5 or 10" step into the runtime formula — that number
belongs entirely to chargen (already covered by
`ChargenSkillAdvancement.cs`/CC's completed work), and shows up in the
runtime formula only as the already-baked `_init_level` field.**

Trained-cost/specialized-cost fields on `SkillBase`
(`_trained_cost`,`_specialized_cost`) are the CP-cost-to-raise-SAC numbers
used by the chargen/skill-credit UI, confirmed unused by any of the
`Inq*`/`SkillFormula::Calculate` call chains traced above.

---

## 7. UI refresh mechanism

`QualityRegistrar` (`acclient.h:33347`,
`struct { vfptr; IntrusiveHashTable<ulong,QualityHandler*,1> m_handlers; QualityHandler m_PlayerQualityHandler; QualityHandler m_GlobalQualityHandler; }`)
is a genuine observer/pub-sub registry, singleton `QualityRegistrar::s_pQR`,
built by `CFactory::MakeQualityRegistrar_Internal` (`0x0054af80`). Its vtable
(`acclient.h:33363`):

```
RegisterQualityHandler(weenieId, StatType, qualityId, QualityChangeHandler*)
RegisterQualityHandlerForThePlayer(StatType, qualityId, QualityChangeHandler*)
UnRegisterQualityHandler(...)  / UnRegisterQualityHandlerForThePlayer(...)
CallChangeHandler(weenie, StatType, qualityId)     // fired by every SetX wire handler, §1
```

`QualityChangeHandler`'s vtable (`acclient.h:33237`) is exactly two methods:

```
OnQualityChanged(CWeenieObject* owner, StatType type, uint qualityId)
OnQualityRemoved(CWeenieObject* owner, StatType type, uint qualityId)
```

**Critically, the callback carries no value** — only "this (StatType, id)
just changed on this owner." Every UI widget that cares about a live number
must pull it itself. Confirmed concretely for the character-panel attribute
row: `AttributeInfoRegion::AttributeInfoRegion` (`0x004f1530`) ends its ctor
with `RegisterQualityHandlerForThePlayer(Attribute_StatType=8,
this->m_Attribute, this)`; `Attribute2ndInfoRegion::Attribute2ndInfoRegion`
(`0x004f1680`) does the equivalent for the vitals bar (§3);
`SkillInfoRegion`-style rows use `Skill_StatType=4` the same way (seen at
`0x004f2172`: `InfoRegion::InfoRegion(this, ..., Skill_StatType, skillId,
iconDID)`, base ctor only builds the label/value `UIElement`s — the
subclass ctor is what registers).

`StatType` enum (`acclient.h:2879`) used as the registry's namespace key:
`Int=1, Float=2, Position=3, Skill=4, String=5, DataID=6, InstanceID=7,
Attribute=8, Attribute_2nd=9, BodyDamageValue=0xA, BodyDamageVariance=0xB,
BodyArmorValue=0xC, Bool=0xD, Int64=0xE`.

### Verdict for Q7

Event-driven, not per-frame polling and not a dirty-flag scan. Registration
is per-widget, per-(StatType,id), keyed either to a specific weenie or to
"whichever weenie is currently the local player"
(`RegisterQualityHandlerForThePlayer`, which is what every character-panel/
vitals-bar row uses — it survives player-object swaps, e.g. on
login/character-switch, without re-registering). **The push only says
"something changed"; the UI re-derives the actual number via the same live
`Inq*` chain described in §2/§3/§4.** This is the cleanest possible design
for CA1 to port: one `IQualityChangeNotifier` (weenie, StatType, id) event,
fired from the same write path identified in §1, with every panel/HUD
element subscribing per-id and re-pulling its value on notification rather
than caching a pushed value.

**Loose end (non-blocking, flagged for awareness):** `Attribute2ndInfoRegion`
also registers under `Attribute_2nd_StatType` for the *base-attribute* ids
that feed the max-vital formula (e.g. Endurance's id, when the vitals row is
MaxHealth). Base-attribute changes fire `CallChangeHandler` under
`Attribute_StatType=8`, not `9` — so that third registration looks like it
never actually fires from a base-attribute change in this build. Given §3's
finding that the vitals bar's real, working trigger is the server's own
explicit MaxHealth/MaxStamina/MaxMana push, this looks like either
vestigial/defensive code or a targeted id-space that happens to coincide by
accident; it is not load-bearing for CA1's design and I would not port it
without further evidence it does anything.

---

## 8. ACE / chargen cross-check

### `src/AcDream.Core/CharGen/ChargenSkillAdvancement.cs`

Already ported the **correct** formula *shape*:
`ChargenSkillFormula(AdditiveBonus, Attribute1Multiplier, Attribute2Multiplier,
Divisor, Attribute1, Attribute2)` is documented as sourced from
`gmCGSkillsPage::MakeSkillFormula @0x00480e10` and maps 1:1 onto
`SkillFormula{_w,_x,_y,_z,_attr1,_attr2}` — verified: chargen's own compute
path (`0x005c4bfb`, inside `CharGenState`-related code) calls the **same**
`SkillFormula::Calculate` (`0x00591960`) used by the live runtime path in §2.
So chargen and post-login runtime share one formula engine in retail, and
`ChargenSkillAdvancement.cs`'s field layout is provably correct for CA1 to
reuse/extend.

**Gap found**: `ChargenSkillFormula` today is *data only* — the one consumer
(`CharacterCreationSkillsPage.cs::ComposeFormula`) only builds a **display
string** ("Str + End / 2") from it; there is no C# port yet of the actual
`SkillFormula::Calculate` numeric math (`floor((x*a1 + y*a2 + w)/z + 0.5)`).
CA1 needs to add this — and per the finding below, it should **not** copy
ACE's simplified C# version.

### ACE cross-check: strong structural match, one formula-fidelity gap

`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/WorldObjects/Entity/CreatureSkill.cs`
(`Current` property) matches the retail decompile's *structure* almost
term-for-term:

- `IsUsable` gate ≈ retail's `sac < min_level` (ACE additionally special-
  cases `min_level==1` meaning "usable while untrained" — consistent).
- `total += InitLevel + Ranks` ≈ retail's `_init_level + _level_from_pp`.
- `GetAugBonus_Base` (LumAugAllSkills flat, AugmentationSkilled{Melee,
  Missile,Magic}*10 gated by skill category, **plus `Enlightenment`**) is
  added **before** the vitae/enchantment multiplier — same tier as retail's
  pre-`EnchantSkill` additions (0x16d, 300/301/302).
- `GetAugBonus_Current` (`AugmentationJackOfAllTrades*5`,
  `LumAugSkilledSpec*2` gated on `SAC==Specialized`) is added **after**
  vitae/multiplier — same tier as retail's post-`EnchantSkill` additions
  (0x146, 0x158). This before/after placement matching retail exactly (down
  to which two bonuses are on which side of the vitae multiply) is strong
  independent confirmation the decompile trace above is read correctly.
- **Divergence**: ACE's `AugmentationSkilledMelee/Missile/Magic` bonus is
  `aug_level * 10`; retail's is a **flat +10 gated on `>0`**, not scaled by
  the stored int's magnitude. In practice these augmentations are one-shot
  unlocks (0 or 1), so the two are almost certainly equivalent at runtime —
  but they are not the same formula, and if the augmentation is ever
  stackable this would diverge. Not important enough to block CA1, but do
  not copy ACE's `* 10` verbatim without checking the real PropertyInt's
  range.
- **Version-era gap, not a bug**: ACE adds an `Enlightenment` bonus
  (`AdvancementClass >= Trained && Enlightenment != 0`) that **does not
  exist anywhere in the Sept-2013 client's `InqSkill`/`InqSkillBaseLevel`**.
  Either Enlightenment postdates this build, or it's applied exclusively
  server-side and baked into a field the client already stores (unconfirmed
  either way — flagged OPEN). **Do not port an Enlightenment skill bonus
  into the client-side live formula unless/until acdream's target retail era
  is confirmed to include it; if ported, it needs its own divergence-register
  row either way** since our reference build doesn't show it.

`references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/Entity/AttributeFormula.cs` — **real
divergence, load-bearing**:

```csharp
public static uint GetFormula(Creature creature, DatLoader.Entity.SkillFormula formula, bool current = true)
{
    if (formula.X == 0) return 0;
    var total = current ? creature.Attributes[attr1].Current : creature.Attributes[attr1].Base;
    if (attr2 != Undef) total += current ? creature.Attributes[attr2].Current : ...Base;
    if (divisor != 1) total = (uint)((float)total / divisor).Round();
    return total;
}
```

This **ignores `_w` (the additive constant) entirely, and ignores `_x`/`_y`
as per-attribute weights** — it just sums the raw attribute values
unweighted (using `_x` only as an on/off gate) then divides. Retail's
`SkillFormula::Calculate` is `floor((_x*a1 + _y*a2 + _w)/_z + 0.5)` — a
strict superset. If the real `portal.dat` SkillTable/`Attribute2ndTable`
records ever have `_w != 0` or `_x != _y` (a genuinely weighted two-attribute
formula, e.g. "mostly Quickness, some Coordination"), ACE's simplified
version silently produces a different number than retail. **CA1 must port
the verbatim retail formula (`floor((x*a1+y*a2+w)/z + 0.5)`), not ACE's
`AttributeFormula.GetFormula` — the verbatim version is safe even in the
common case where `x=y=1,w=0` reduces to the same thing, so there's no
downside to using the more complete formula.** This is exactly the kind of
"verify shared math before substituting" trap the project's own
`feedback_wb_migration_formulas.md` lesson warns about — flag as a MUST-
VERIFY-AGAINST-LIVE-DAT item before shipping (a live `SkillTable`/
`Attribute2ndTable` dump via `DatCollection` would resolve it in one probe:
grep for any record with non-1 `_x`/`_y` or non-zero `_w`).

`CreatureVital.cs` (`GetMaxValue`) independently reaches the **same**
structural conclusion the decompile trace did for `GearMaxHealth`/
`Enlightenment` placement — ACE's own code comment: *"Enlightenment and
GearMaxHealth were an exception, and added in beforehand... this means
[they] would get scaled by multipliers... and vitae as well."* This matches
§3's finding that the client's PropertyInt-0x17b (`GearMaxHealth`) addition
happens **before** the `AttributeCache`/`EnchantAttribute2nd` step — i.e.
before whatever multiplier/vitae scaling lives inside `EnchantAttribute2nd`.
Strong independent cross-confirmation.

---

## 9. Open items

1. **`ACCWeenieObject::OnStatUpdated` overload resolution** for the raw-
   scalar Attribute/Attribute2nd/Skill `UpdateStat` instantiations — which
   of the two concrete bodies (`0x0058c680` bool-id switch, `0x0058df20`
   int-id switch) actually gets called. Tried: grepped both bodies' switch
   cases (neither has an Attribute/Skill-id case, so it's a no-op either
   way); tried Ghidra `function_xrefs` on the symbolic name (no results —
   binary has no relocation-based xref table entry for the overloaded
   name). Non-blocking: confirmed harmless for character-advancement
   regardless of which one resolves.
2. **Exact `Attribute2ndTable`/`SkillTable` DAT coefficients** (which skills
   have `_attr1==_attr2==0`; whether any real record has `_w!=0` or
   `_x!=_y`) — code-level mechanism confirmed (§5, §8), specific numbers are
   DAT data and need a live `DatCollection` probe, not decomp.
3. **Whether ACE's server actually pushes a fresh `PrivateUpdateAttribute2nd`
   for MaxHealth/MaxStamina/MaxMana when the underlying Endurance/Self
   changes** (§3's load-bearing assumption about what drives the vitals bar
   redraw in retail). Traced ACE's `CreatureVital`/`AttributeFormula` C#
   math but did not trace ACE's *push/dirty* path (`Player_Vitals.cs` /
   wherever ACE decides to re-send `GameMessagePrivateUpdateAttribute2nd`) —
   out of scope for this decomp-focused pass; recommend a short follow-up
   read of `references/ACE/Source/ACE.Server/WorldObjects/Player_Vitals.cs`
   and `Creature_Skills.cs`'s raise-skill path before implementing CA1's
   server-sync expectations.
4. **Enlightenment's absence from the 2013 client formula** (§8) — need to
   confirm which retail era introduced client-visible Enlightenment skill
   bonuses, if acdream ever targets that era.