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+# Retail-faithful chase camera with dev-tools toggle
+
+**Date:** 2026-05-18
+**Author:** Claude (with @erikn)
+**Phase:** ad-hoc rendering polish (not on the M2 critical path)
+**Status:** brainstormed → ready for plan
+
+## Motivation
+
+`src/AcDream.App/Rendering/ChaseCamera.cs` is a rigid follow-cam: each
+frame `Position` is recomputed as a pure function of
+`playerPosition + yaw + Pitch + Distance + EyeHeight`. The character
+is welded to the camera, which makes movement feel mechanical (no lag,
+no overshoot, no slope-awareness). A `_trackedZ` hack pins camera Z
+during jumps as a workaround for the visual feel that retail's camera
+gets naturally from low-stiffness damping.
+
+The retail 2013 client uses a two-class chase camera
+(`CameraManager` + `CameraSet`, decomp at
+`docs/research/named-retail/acclient_2013_pseudo_c.txt:95505` and
+`:97643`) that:
+
+1. **Exponentially damps both translation and rotation toward a target
+   pose each frame.** Default stiffness 0.45 → ~7.5 % of the gap closed
+   per 60 Hz frame → ~150 ms half-life. This is the dominant "alive"
+   feel.
+2. **Aligns the camera basis to the player's recent velocity vector**
+   (5-frame moving average) instead of pure world-up. The camera tilts
+   with the terrain when running up/down hills.
+3. **Low-passes mouse-look deltas** within a 0.25 s window so
+   high-DPI mice don't make the camera jitter.
+4. **Integrates held-key offset adjustments** (Closer/Farther/Raise/
+   Lower) at a settable rate per frame so zoom/elevation transitions
+   are smooth.
+5. **Fades the player mesh** linearly from opaque at 0.45 m to fully
+   transparent at 0.20 m when the camera approaches the pivot.
+6. **Orbits independently of player yaw** — Rotate inputs spin
+   `viewer_offset` around the pivot's Z-axis, the character's heading
+   isn't touched.
+
+This spec ports all six behaviors as a new `RetailChaseCamera` class,
+controlled by a dev-tools toggle so the user can A/B against the
+existing legacy camera before we make retail the default.
+
+## Architecture
+
+```
+                    ┌─ ChaseCamera ────────┐
+                    │  (existing, legacy)  │
+                    └──────────────────────┘
+                                ▲
+                                │  ICamera
+                                │
+CameraDiagnostics ─── flag ─► CameraController ──► renderer (View matrix)
+   (static)                       │
+                                  │  ICamera
+                                  ▼
+                    ┌─ RetailChaseCamera ──┐
+                    │  (new)               │
+                    └──────────────────────┘
+                              ▲
+                              │  per-frame inputs
+                              │
+                      GameWindow (updates both, picks active)
+```
+
+### Components
+
+**`AcDream.Core.Rendering.CameraDiagnostics`** (new static class)
+Owns the runtime-tunable knobs. Mirrors the `PhysicsDiagnostics` pattern
+(diagnostic owner classes per CLAUDE.md §"Code Structure Rules" rule 5).
+Initial values from env vars at process start; runtime-settable via
+property setters that the DebugPanel writes to.
+
+```csharp
+public static class CameraDiagnostics
+{
+    public static bool  UseRetailChaseCamera  { get; set; } =
+        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("ACDREAM_RETAIL_CHASE") == "1";
+
+    public static bool  AlignToSlope          { get; set; } =
+        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("ACDREAM_CAMERA_ALIGN_SLOPE") != "0";
+
+    public static float TranslationStiffness  { get; set; } = 0.45f;
+    public static float RotationStiffness     { get; set; } = 0.45f;
+    public static float MouseLowPassWindowSec { get; set; } = 0.25f;
+    public static float CameraAdjustmentSpeed { get; set; } = 40.0f;
+}
+```
+
+Lives in `AcDream.Core` (math-relevant tunables don't need the GL/
+window dependency). Defaults match retail's `CameraManager` constructor
+(decomp lines 95957–95988).
+
+**`AcDream.App.Rendering.RetailChaseCamera : ICamera`** (new)
+The retail-faithful camera. Owns per-frame state:
+
+- `_velocityRing[5]` — 5-frame velocity history for the slope-align
+  moving average. Matches retail's `old_velocities[5]`.
+- `_velocityCount` — ring fill level (0..5). Until full, average uses
+  the actual count.
+- `_dampedEye` (Vector3) — current damped camera world position.
+- `_dampedForward` (Vector3, unit-length) — current damped look
+  direction.
+- `_initialised` — first-frame snap flag.
+- `_lastMouseDeltaX`, `_lastMouseDeltaY`, `_lastFilterTimeSec` — mouse
+  low-pass state.
+
+User-tunable properties (independent of `CameraDiagnostics` — those are
+global, these are per-camera-instance settings the controller can
+clamp):
+
+- `Distance` (default 2.61, clamp [2, 40]) — length of `viewer_offset`.
+- `Pitch` (default 0.291 rad ≈ 16.7°, clamp [-0.7, 1.4]) — angle of
+  `viewer_offset` above the heading-frame XY plane.
+- `YawOffset` (default 0) — orbit offset added on top of player yaw
+  when slope-align is off OR when running stationary.
+- `PivotHeight` (default 1.5 m) — height of look-at anchor above the
+  player's feet.
+- `Aspect`, `FovY` (from `ICamera`).
+
+**`AcDream.App.Rendering.CameraController`** (existing, extended)
+Carries both `Chase` and `RetailChase`. `Active` reads the flag and
+returns whichever is selected. `EnterChaseMode(legacy, retail)` takes
+both at once and tracks them in parallel.
+
+### Data flow
+
+1. **Process start** → `CameraDiagnostics` static initialisers read env
+   vars; defaults applied if env unset.
+2. **PlayerMode entry** (existing `EnterPlayerModeIfPossible` at
+   `GameWindow.cs:9776`) — construct both cameras, hand to
+   `CameraController.EnterChaseMode(legacy, retail)`.
+3. **Per-frame** (existing tick at `GameWindow.cs:6390`) — pass the
+   same `playerPosition`, `playerYaw`, `playerVelocity`, `isOnGround`,
+   `dt` to *both* cameras' `Update()`. Inactive camera stays warm so
+   toggle swaps are instant.
+4. **View matrix** — renderer pulls `cameraController.Active.View`.
+5. **Translucency** — `RetailChaseCamera.PlayerTranslucency` is read
+   after `Update()` and applied to the player entity (mechanism TBD
+   during impl — see "Open implementation questions" below).
+6. **DebugPanel** — new "Chase camera" CollapsingHeader writes to
+   `CameraDiagnostics` via `DebugVM` mirror properties; changes take
+   effect on the next frame.
+
+## Math (the retail-faithful update loop)
+
+Per-frame inputs:
+
+- `playerPos` (Vector3, world coords; Z up)
+- `playerYaw` (radians; 0 = +X, π/2 = +Y)
+- `playerVelocity` (Vector3, world space; Z component nonzero on
+  slopes)
+- `isOnGround` (bool; currently unused but accepted for parity with
+  the legacy camera signature — may be used for an extra-damping branch
+  in a future iteration)
+- `dt` (seconds since last frame)
+
+**Step 1 — velocity history.** FIFO-push `playerVelocity` into
+`_velocityRing`. Bump `_velocityCount` to min(count+1, 5).
+
+**Step 2 — averaged velocity.**
+
+```
+avgVel = sum(_velocityRing[0.._velocityCount]) / _velocityCount
+```
+
+**Step 3 — heading vector.**
+
+```
+if CameraDiagnostics.AlignToSlope and ‖avgVel‖² > 1e-4:
+    heading = normalize(avgVel)              # tilts with terrain
+else:
+    yaw = playerYaw + YawOffset
+    heading = (cos(yaw), sin(yaw), 0)        # flat fallback
+```
+
+Matches retail's `target_status & ALIGN_WITH_PLANE` branch (decomp
+:95644-95795) with the contact-plane fallback collapsed into the
+flat-fallback path (we don't have `contact_plane.N` exposed yet; the
+flat fallback is visually indistinguishable in the stationary case).
+
+**Step 4 — orthonormal basis** (heading-frame, slope-tilted):
+
+```
+forward = heading
+if |forward.Z| > 0.99:                           # heading is near-vertical (rare; airborne edge case)
+    right = normalize(cross(forward, (1,0,0)))    # use world +X as a tilt reference
+else:
+    right = normalize(cross(forward, (0,0,1)))    # standard
+up = cross(right, forward)                        # already unit (forward + right orthonormal)
+```
+
+**Step 5 — target pose.**
+
+```
+pivotWorld    = playerPos + (0, 0, PivotHeight)
+viewer_offset = (0, -Distance*cos(Pitch), Distance*sin(Pitch))     # (right, forward, up) local
+targetEye     = pivotWorld
+                + right   * viewer_offset.X
+                + forward * viewer_offset.Y
+                + up      * viewer_offset.Z
+targetForward = normalize(pivotWorld - targetEye)                    # camera looks at pivot
+```
+
+The `viewer_offset` parameterization matches retail's default `(0,
+-2.5·scale, 0.75·scale)` when `Distance ≈ 2.61` and `Pitch ≈ 16.7°`
+(0.291 rad).
+
+**Step 6 — exponential damping** (two independent decay rates):
+
+```
+tAlpha = clamp(CameraDiagnostics.TranslationStiffness * dt * 10, 0, 1)
+rAlpha = clamp(CameraDiagnostics.RotationStiffness    * dt * 10, 0, 1)
+
+if not _initialised:
+    _dampedEye     = targetEye
+    _dampedForward = targetForward
+    _initialised   = true
+else:
+    _dampedEye     = lerp(_dampedEye, targetEye, tAlpha)
+    _dampedForward = normalize(lerp(_dampedForward, targetForward, rAlpha))
+```
+
+The normalized lerp of the forward unit vector is the standard
+small-step equivalent of quaternion slerp; at `rAlpha ≤ ~0.1` per frame
+(the working range) the difference from `Quaternion.Slerp` is below
+floating-point noise. This preserves retail's *independent*
+translation/rotation rates without quaternion handedness pitfalls.
+
+**Step 7 — view matrix.**
+
+```
+Position = _dampedEye
+View     = Matrix4x4.CreateLookAt(_dampedEye, _dampedEye + _dampedForward, (0,0,1))
+```
+
+The `up` reference passed to `CreateLookAt` is the world up, not the
+heading-frame up. This produces a camera that always has the horizon
+horizontal on screen — matches retail (the camera basis tilts pitch,
+but the screen's "up" stays world-up).
+
+**Step 8 — mouse low-pass filter** (separate entry point;
+`FilterMouseDelta(rawX, rawY, weight) → (outX, outY)`):
+
+```
+nowSec = stopwatch elapsed seconds
+if nowSec - _lastFilterTimeSec < CameraDiagnostics.MouseLowPassWindowSec:
+    avgX = (_lastMouseDeltaX + rawX) * 0.5
+    avgY = (_lastMouseDeltaY + rawY) * 0.5
+else:
+    avgX = rawX
+    avgY = rawY
+
+outX = rawX * (1 - weight) + avgX * weight     # weight typically 0.5
+outY = rawY * (1 - weight) + avgY * weight
+
+_lastMouseDeltaX    = outX
+_lastMouseDeltaY    = outY
+_lastFilterTimeSec  = nowSec
+```
+
+Matches retail's `CameraSet::FilterMouseInput` (decomp :96250-96279).
+GameWindow's mouse-move handler calls this before feeding `dy` to
+`AdjustPitch` / `dx` to `YawOffset`.
+
+**Step 9 — auto-fade translucency.**
+
+```
+d = distance(_dampedEye, pivotWorld)
+if d >= 0.45:                       PlayerTranslucency = 0.0
+elif d > 0.20:                      PlayerTranslucency = 1 - (0.20 - d) / (0.20 - 0.45)
+else:                               PlayerTranslucency = 1.0
+```
+
+Matches retail's `CameraSet::UpdateCamera` distance check
+(decomp :97703-97725). Reading this property at 0 produces a fully
+opaque player; at 1 fully invisible. GameWindow applies it to the
+player entity's render path (see implementation question Q1).
+
+## Continuous-key offset integration
+
+Retail integrates `viewer_offset += FlagsToVector(held_keys) * dt`
+each frame for Closer/Farther/Raise/Lower as held keys. Since
+acdream's existing input scheme is mouse-wheel = zoom (`AdjustDistance`)
+and RMB-orbit-mouse-Y = pitch (`AdjustPitch`), we don't have keyboard
+bindings for these.
+
+This spec adds four `InputAction`s, all default-unbound (no retail
+keymap entries for them yet — users wire them in Settings if wanted):
+
+- `CameraZoomIn`     — `Distance -= adjSpeed * dt`
+- `CameraZoomOut`    — `Distance += adjSpeed * dt`
+- `CameraRaise`      — `Pitch    += adjSpeed * dt * 0.02` (smaller multiplier; pitch in radians)
+- `CameraLower`      — `Pitch    -= adjSpeed * dt * 0.02`
+
+The wheel-driven `AdjustDistance(step)` and the RMB-mouse-Y-driven
+`AdjustPitch(delta)` keep working unchanged. The damping in step 6
+makes the discrete step from a wheel scroll feel smooth automatically.
+
+## DebugPanel UI
+
+New CollapsingHeader **"Chase camera"** in `DebugPanel.cs`, sitting
+between "Player Info" and "Performance", defaults open. Renders six
+controls bound to `DebugVM` mirror properties:
+
+```
+[ ] Use retail chase camera                    [env: ACDREAM_RETAIL_CHASE]
+[x] Align to slope                             [env: ACDREAM_CAMERA_ALIGN_SLOPE]
+Translation stiffness  [====|====]  0.45       (slider 0.05 .. 1.0, step 0.01)
+Rotation stiffness     [====|====]  0.45       (slider 0.05 .. 1.0, step 0.01)
+Mouse low-pass window  [==|======]  0.25 s     (slider 0.0  .. 0.5, step 0.01)
+Adjustment speed       [=====|===]  40.0       (slider 10   .. 80,  step 1)
+```
+
+`DebugVM` gets six new properties, each forwarding to a
+`CameraDiagnostics` static, matching the `ProbeResolveEnabled` mirror
+pattern.
+
+`IPanelRenderer` may need a `SliderFloat(label, ref value, min, max)`
+method if not already present. The ImGui backend wraps
+`ImGui.SliderFloat`; tests use a stub renderer.
+
+## Files touched
+
+**New:**
+- `src/AcDream.Core/Rendering/CameraDiagnostics.cs` — static tunable owner.
+- `src/AcDream.App/Rendering/RetailChaseCamera.cs` — the camera class.
+- `tests/AcDream.Core.Tests/Rendering/CameraDiagnosticsTests.cs` — env-var parse + setter passthrough.
+- `tests/AcDream.Core.Tests/Rendering/RetailChaseCameraTests.cs` — math + damping + low-pass + fade tests.
+
+**Modified:**
+- `src/AcDream.App/Rendering/CameraController.cs` — carry both cameras, swap on flag.
+- `src/AcDream.App/Rendering/GameWindow.cs` — construct both at chase-entry; update both per frame; route mouse low-pass; apply `PlayerTranslucency`. ~30 LOC of new code spread across existing chase-camera call sites, no new feature body.
+- `src/AcDream.UI.Abstractions/Panels/Debug/DebugVM.cs` — six new mirror properties.
+- `src/AcDream.UI.Abstractions/Panels/Debug/DebugPanel.cs` — new CollapsingHeader.
+- `src/AcDream.UI.Abstractions/Input/InputAction.cs` (or wherever the enum lives) — four new actions.
+
+(Possibly: `src/AcDream.UI.Abstractions/Panels/IPanelRenderer.cs` if
+`SliderFloat` doesn't exist there yet.)
+
+If a new namespace `AcDream.Core.Rendering` doesn't exist, it's created
+fresh. `AcDream.Core` does not currently reference any GL/window/Silk
+types, so adding `CameraDiagnostics` (pure floats + bools) does not
+violate the layering rule (CLAUDE.md §"Code Structure Rules" rule 2).
+
+## Tests
+
+Five test groups in `RetailChaseCameraTests`:
+
+**1. Heading-source fallbacks** — verify the slope-align toggle and
+the small-velocity fallback:
+- `StationaryAlignToSlope_HeadingMatchesPlayerYaw` — zero velocity →
+  heading vector ≈ `(cos yaw, sin yaw, 0)`.
+- `MovingHorizontal_HeadingMatchesVelocity` — sustained `(1, 0, 0)`
+  velocity over 5 frames → heading ≈ `(1, 0, 0)`.
+- `MovingUphill_HeadingHasPositiveZ` — velocity `(1, 0, 0.5)` over 5
+  frames → `heading.Z > 0`.
+- `SlopeAlignDisabled_IgnoresVelocity` — heading always falls back to
+  flat yaw vector regardless of velocity.
+
+**2. 5-frame averaging** — verify the ring buffer:
+- `VelocityRing_AveragesLastN` — feed `[(1,0,0), (1,0,0), (2,0,0),
+  (2,0,0), (3,0,0)]`, expect avg `(1.8, 0, 0)`.
+- `VelocityRing_FifoEvictsOldest` — feed 6 entries, ring still holds 5
+  with the first evicted.
+- `VelocityRing_PartialFillUsesActualCount` — feed 2 entries, avg
+  divides by 2 not 5.
+
+**3. Damping** — verify alpha formula + first-frame snap + lerp:
+- `DampingAlpha_AtRetailDefault_ProducesSevenAndAHalfPercent` —
+  stiffness=0.45, dt=1/60 → alpha ≈ 0.075.
+- `DampingAlpha_LargeDtClampsToOne` — stiffness=0.45, dt=1 → alpha = 1.
+- `FirstUpdate_SnapsToTarget` — initial Update with no prior state
+  sets `_dampedEye = targetEye` exactly (no damping from a stale (0,0,0)).
+- `SecondUpdate_LerpsTowardTarget` — initial pose A, target pose B,
+  alpha=0.5 → position = A + 0.5·(B-A).
+
+**4. Mouse low-pass** — verify averaging window:
+- `MouseDelta_WithinWindow_BlendedWithPrevious` — feed delta=10 at
+  t=0, delta=20 at t=0.1 (window=0.25) → second output averages with
+  the first.
+- `MouseDelta_BeyondWindow_PassesThrough` — feed delta=10 at t=0,
+  delta=20 at t=0.5 → second output is unmodified.
+- `MouseDelta_WeightZero_OutputsRaw` — weight=0 → output = raw
+  regardless of history.
+- `MouseDelta_WeightOne_OutputsAveraged` — weight=1 within window →
+  output = average.
+
+**5. Auto-fade** — verify the linear ramp constants:
+- `Translucency_DistanceFar_IsZero` — d ≥ 0.45 → t = 0.
+- `Translucency_DistanceMid_RampsLinearly` — d=0.325 (midpoint) →
+  t = 0.5.
+- `Translucency_DistanceNear_IsOne` — d ≤ 0.20 → t = 1.
+- `Translucency_AtThreshold_IsExact` — d = 0.45 → t = 0; d = 0.20 → t = 1.
+
+Plus a small `CameraDiagnosticsTests` covering env-var parsing
+(`UseRetailChaseCamera=1` reads as true, default false; `AlignToSlope=0`
+reads as false, default true).
+
+No visual / integration test; visual feel is the manual acceptance
+test (see below).
+
+## Acceptance criteria
+
+1. `dotnet build` green.
+2. `dotnet test` green, with new tests covering the math above.
+3. With `ACDREAM_RETAIL_CHASE=1` set (or the dev-tools toggle flipped
+   on), running the client + walking in Holtburg produces noticeably
+   smoother camera motion than the legacy camera: visible lag when
+   turning, visible coast-and-settle when stopping, visible
+   tilt-with-terrain on hill crests.
+4. With the toggle OFF, behavior is identical to before this change
+   (legacy `ChaseCamera` untouched).
+5. Toggling the switch at runtime swaps cameras without snapping or
+   crashing; the newly-active camera takes a few frames to ease into
+   place from the warm state of the inactive camera.
+6. Jumping with retail mode on produces the "see yourself rise above
+   the camera" feedback *without* the `_trackedZ` hack — the existing
+   hack stays in `ChaseCamera` (legacy) untouched.
+
+## Open implementation questions
+
+The plan resolves these before coding:
+
+**Q1: Where does `PlayerTranslucency` apply?**
+The retail call is `CPhysicsObj::SetTranslucencyHierarchical(player, t)`.
+Need to find the acdream equivalent — likely a property on `WorldEntity`
+or its mesh-batch metadata. If absent, the plan adds a minimal
+`Translucency` property and threads it through the render path. If
+the change to `WorldEntity` is more than ~20 LOC, the auto-fade feature
+ships in a follow-up commit rather than blocking the main toggle.
+
+**Q2: Where does the player's world velocity come from?**
+`PlayerMovementController` has `BodyVelocity` (Vector3) at line 155.
+The chase-camera update call site at `GameWindow.cs:6390` already
+holds a reference to `_playerController`; threading `playerController.
+BodyVelocity` into the `RetailChaseCamera.Update` call is one extra
+argument. Confirm during impl.
+
+**Q3: `IPanelRenderer.SliderFloat`?**
+Quick check during impl — if not present, add it to
+`IPanelRenderer` + `ImGuiPanelRenderer` (one-line each).
+
+## Out of scope / future work
+
+- **First-person ("InHead") mode toggle.** Retail's `SetInHead`
+  collapses `viewer_offset` to `(0, 0.18, 0)`. We don't have a first-
+  person mode yet; out of scope.
+- **Look-down mode (`ToggleLookDown`)** — retail's "look down at floor"
+  mode for inventory drag/drop. Out of scope.
+- **Map mode (`ToggleMapMode`)** — retail's "top-down map view." Out
+  of scope.
+- **Camera-vs-world collision.** Retail's per-frame update doesn't
+  raycast world geometry (see investigation report 2026-05-18 in chat).
+  The auto-fade handles "camera passes through player"; we don't
+  attempt "camera collides with wall" — same as retail.
+- **Making retail the default.** Default stays off in this spec; flip
+  in a follow-up commit after visual verification.
+- **Deleting legacy `ChaseCamera`.** Stays around for A/B comparison
+  until retail mode is proven and made default; then a single
+  cleanup commit deletes it + the `_trackedZ` hack.
+
+## References
+
+- **Retail decomp:** `docs/research/named-retail/acclient_2013_pseudo_c.txt`
+  lines 95505 (`CameraManager::UpdateCamera`), 97643
+  (`CameraSet::UpdateCamera`), 95957 (`CameraManager` constructor),
+  97916 (`CameraSet::SetDefaultOffsets`), 96250
+  (`CameraSet::FilterMouseInput`), 97103 (`CameraSet::Rotate`), 97350
+  (`CameraSet::Closer`).
+- **Retail symbols:** `docs/research/named-retail/symbols.json` —
+  search for `CameraManager` / `CameraSet`.
+- **Investigation report:** chat transcript 2026-05-18 (the brainstorm
+  preceding this spec).
+- **Existing legacy:** `src/AcDream.App/Rendering/ChaseCamera.cs`.
+- **Diagnostic owner pattern:**
+  `src/AcDream.Core/Physics/PhysicsDiagnostics.cs`.