diff --git a/src/AcDream.Core/Meshing/SetupMesh.cs b/src/AcDream.Core/Meshing/SetupMesh.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac7a8f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/AcDream.Core/Meshing/SetupMesh.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+using System.Numerics;
+using AcDream.Core.World;
+using DatReaderWriter.DBObjs;
+using DatReaderWriter.Enums;
+using DatReaderWriter.Types;
+
+namespace AcDream.Core.Meshing;
+
+public static class SetupMesh
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Flatten a Setup into a list of (GfxObjId, PartTransform) refs.
+    /// Uses the default placement frame and DefaultScale per part.
+    /// Does NOT walk ParentIndex — each part's transform is local to the setup root.
+    /// This is simplification for Phase 2; complex hierarchical rigs are Phase 3.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static IReadOnlyList<MeshRef> Flatten(Setup setup)
+    {
+        AnimationFrame? defaultAnim = null;
+        if (setup.PlacementFrames.TryGetValue(Placement.Default, out var af))
+            defaultAnim = af;
+
+        var result = new List<MeshRef>(setup.Parts.Count);
+        for (int i = 0; i < setup.Parts.Count; i++)
+        {
+            uint gfxObjId = (uint)setup.Parts[i];
+
+            Frame frame;
+            if (defaultAnim is not null && i < defaultAnim.Frames.Count)
+                frame = defaultAnim.Frames[i];
+            else
+                frame = new Frame { Origin = Vector3.Zero, Orientation = Quaternion.Identity };
+
+            Vector3 scale = i < setup.DefaultScale.Count ? setup.DefaultScale[i] : Vector3.One;
+
+            var transform =
+                Matrix4x4.CreateScale(scale) *
+                Matrix4x4.CreateFromQuaternion(frame.Orientation) *
+                Matrix4x4.CreateTranslation(frame.Origin);
+
+            result.Add(new MeshRef(gfxObjId, transform));
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/AcDream.Core.Tests/Meshing/SetupMeshTests.cs b/tests/AcDream.Core.Tests/Meshing/SetupMeshTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9ef509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/AcDream.Core.Tests/Meshing/SetupMeshTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+using System.Numerics;
+using AcDream.Core.Meshing;
+using DatReaderWriter.DBObjs;
+using DatReaderWriter.Enums;
+using DatReaderWriter.Types;
+
+namespace AcDream.Core.Tests.Meshing;
+
+public class SetupMeshTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void Flatten_SinglePartSetup_YieldsOneMeshRef()
+    {
+        var setup = new Setup
+        {
+            Parts = { 0x01000100u },
+            DefaultScale = { Vector3.One },
+            PlacementFrames =
+            {
+                [Placement.Default] = new AnimationFrame(1)
+                {
+                    Frames =
+                    {
+                        new Frame
+                        {
+                            Origin = new Vector3(0, 0, 0),
+                            Orientation = Quaternion.Identity,
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+        };
+
+        var refs = SetupMesh.Flatten(setup);
+
+        var single = Assert.Single(refs);
+        Assert.Equal(0x01000100u, single.GfxObjId);
+        // Identity-ish transform
+        Assert.Equal(Matrix4x4.Identity, single.PartTransform);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Flatten_TwoPartSetup_YieldsTwoMeshRefs()
+    {
+        var setup = new Setup
+        {
+            Parts = { 0x01000100u, 0x01000200u },
+            DefaultScale = { Vector3.One, Vector3.One },
+            PlacementFrames =
+            {
+                [Placement.Default] = new AnimationFrame(2)
+                {
+                    Frames =
+                    {
+                        new Frame { Origin = new(0, 0, 0), Orientation = Quaternion.Identity },
+                        new Frame { Origin = new(10, 0, 0), Orientation = Quaternion.Identity },
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+        };
+
+        var refs = SetupMesh.Flatten(setup);
+
+        Assert.Equal(2, refs.Count);
+        Assert.Equal(0x01000100u, refs[0].GfxObjId);
+        Assert.Equal(0x01000200u, refs[1].GfxObjId);
+        // Second part is translated by 10 on X.
+        Assert.Equal(10f, refs[1].PartTransform.Translation.X);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Flatten_PartScale_IsAppliedToTransform()
+    {
+        var setup = new Setup
+        {
+            Parts = { 0x01000100u },
+            DefaultScale = { new Vector3(2, 3, 4) },
+            PlacementFrames =
+            {
+                [Placement.Default] = new AnimationFrame(1)
+                {
+                    Frames = { new Frame { Orientation = Quaternion.Identity } },
+                },
+            },
+        };
+
+        var refs = SetupMesh.Flatten(setup);
+
+        // The transform's M11 = 2 (scale X), M22 = 3, M33 = 4
+        Assert.Equal(2f, refs[0].PartTransform.M11);
+        Assert.Equal(3f, refs[0].PartTransform.M22);
+        Assert.Equal(4f, refs[0].PartTransform.M33);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Flatten_MissingPlacementFrame_UsesIdentity()
+    {
+        var setup = new Setup
+        {
+            Parts = { 0x01000100u },
+            DefaultScale = { Vector3.One },
+            // PlacementFrames deliberately empty
+        };
+
+        var refs = SetupMesh.Flatten(setup);
+
+        Assert.Single(refs);
+        Assert.Equal(Matrix4x4.Identity, refs[0].PartTransform);
+    }
+}